Download Document

Dark Age












Generation of Computer
(1).ABACUS:
This was the 1st calculating machine devloped by china about 300
B.C.
(2). Nepier’s Bones:
Nepier invented lograthms that allow modification to be performed
via addition ,that are obtained from a printable table, Nepier also
invented an altenative table where lograthmic values were covered
on inovery stricks, which are now called nepier’s bones.(sef of 11
bones)
(3). Oughtred’s Slide Rule:
In 1632 AD William Oughtred used Logarathim concept.
This device consists of two movable rulers.

By which operators can multiply and divide very quickly.
(4). Pascalin Machine
This machine was introduced in 1642 by Blase Pascal.
It only add and subtract.
(5). Leibnitz’s Machine (1671)
This machine was introduced in 1671 and developed by Gottfried
W.von leibnitz.
It can add, subtract,multiply,divide and squarroot.
(6).Difference Engine (1823)
This engine introduced in 1823 developed by charles babbage.
It based on the principal of differences of squars of numbers.
After 10 years he introduced babbage analytical engine.
It is the first time to design a programable machine but he never
convert his dreams into reality because technology was not high. 

Middle Age

In middle age computation was biggest problem.

Doctor herman hollerith developed 3x5 inch punched card to record
data.
He constructed a box of sort data and electro magnatic counting 

machanism to tabulate data.

In 1908 doctor James power developed 20 colomn punching

machine.

In the same year doctor herman hellerith developed vertical sorting

machine which process about 200 cards per minute.

In 1911 doctor herman hollerith developed horizantal sorting

machine process 275 cards per minute.
Modern Age






































Mark I (1944)
In 1944 the mark I machine was introduced.
This is electro machnical computer.
It is built by IBM corporation.
Mark II (1945)
This is a new version of MARK I ,so that the electro computer were
developed than electro computer were further divided in five
generation.
4th Generation
In 1971 a powerful microprocessor chip INTEL 8008 was introduced.
The first microprocessor which used in Personal Computers(PC) 
was INTEL 8008.

The 8 inch floppy disk was also introduced in 1973.
The 5.25 inch floppy disk was first time used in 1978.
The optical disk was developed in 1980.
Applications.
Now computers are used in mathematical modeling simulation,
electronic funds transfer and computer aided designing.
Advantages.
Smallest in size.
Very reliable.
Heat generated was negligible.
No air conditioning required in many cases.
Much faster computations were possible.
Minimum maintenance was required.
Hardware failure was negligiblle.
Very easy movable.
Totally general purpose.
Very inexpensive.
Limitations.
Much sophisticated technology was required to fabricate IC.
5th Generation
This generation is started from 1981 and is still continued.
The new technologies are adopted to fabricate IC chips, such as
electron beam, X-rays, lasers.

The computers became much smaller than ever before.

The first “Personal Computer”(PC) was marketed in 1981.

Microsoft corporaton launched their new operating system MS-DOS,
3.5 Floppy Disk, Intel microprcessor 80286, Compact Disk(CDROM), new Memory Devices and Bubble Memories.

Advantages.
All the previous advantages.
Very huge storage capacity available.
Long bit processors were built.

Laptop computers introduced.
Artificial intelligence languages developed.
Limitations.
Not reported.
Super Computer (Size)
These computers are used for scientific calculation.
Super computer supports small number of users as compared to
mainframe because of its specialised nature.
Super computer are used in nuclear physics research.
Experimental oil fields.
Weather forecasting.
Satellite controlling.
Space shuttle launching.
Spicial Purpose Computer
A computer designed for machine control or process control would

be different than general purpose computer.
Uses

It is designed to solve business problem and filling system.
It solves specific problems.
Most analog computers are special purpose computer.
These computer are used in industrial robotics.
SUMMARY OF GENERATIONS
First generation (1940-1956) Vacuum Tubes.
Second Generation (1956-1963) Transistors.
Third generation (1964-1971) Integrated Circuits.
Forth generation (19711-Present) Microprocessor
Fifth Generation (Present-Futue) Artificial Intelligence.





1st Generation:-(1946-1959)

ENIAC:(1946)
Developed as a military use.

20x40 square feet room and used 19000 tubes.

70000 Registers, 50000 solder connections.
EDSAC:(1949)
Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calulator.

EDVAC:(1949)

Electronic Discrete Varianle Automatic Computer.
UNIVAC:(1951)

Universal Automatic Computer.

It has two improved models:

UNIVAC-1 and UNIVAC-2

IBM emphasized bussiness problems and developed a vacum tube

computer called IBM-650, IBM Models: IBM-702, IBM-705, IBM-709

etc.

These computer were operated by a languages close to the
electronics of the computer called “Machine Language”, which

requires high skills of programming.At the end of this generation the

“Assembly Languages” were developed which reduced the work of
a programmer.
Applications.

these computers were used for record keeping and payroll
processing.
Advantages

Vacuu tubes were used as electronic components.
Electronic digital comuters were developed.
These computers were the fastest calculating device of their time.
Computations were performed in milli seconds.
Limitations.

Too large in size.

Unreliable.

Produce large amount of heat due to cacuum tubes.

Air conditioning required.

Frequent hardware failures.

Constant maintenace required.

Non-portable.

Commercial production was difficult and costly.

Limited commercial use.


COMPARISSION OF 5TH GNENRATION TO OTHERS
Fifth generation computer is also known as:
Knowledge information processing system
Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI)
DIFFERENCE THAT SEPERATES 5TH GENERATION FROM

OTHERS
Fifth generation computer has multiprocessors in one chip.

Games Playing: Programming computers to play game such as 
chess and checkers.

Expert system: programming computers to make decisions in reallife situations for example, Some expert systems help doctors
diagnose disease based on symptons.
Natural Language: Programming computers to understand natural

human languages.

Neural Networks: Systmes that simple intelligence by attmepting to
reproduce the types of physical connections that coccur in animal
brains.
Robotics: Programming computers to see and hear and to other
sensory stimuli,
Disadvantages: As fifth generation computers have yet to be

created they carry no disadvantages as of yet. However this does
not mean that once they are here they are going to be perfect but
just that people do not create with the wish that their invention will
have flaws.
Types of Computers
Analog Computers
Digital Computers
Hybrid computers


Analog computers
An analog computing device can measure onl the continously

variable quantities such as temperature, pressurem, circular motor
distance, velocity of sound voltage, etc

Digital Computers
Digital computers solves problems by counting adding, subtracting,
multyplying, dividing and comparing. The ability of digital computers
is to handle alphabetic and numeric data with precision and speed.
Hybrid Computer
This type of computer sophisticate and digital processing of data,
collected in analog form is desired.
Firmware:
ROM has contain programs which neccessary to start compiler
these programs are read only and cannot be aultered or erase by
operator.

These programs erased or changed with special equipenents by
manifactural or any hardware shap that program store in a ROM are

caused firmware.
Liveware:

The people that are study the system to design system to improve
the system and to program the system are called Liveware.
ALU:
The arithematic logic unit performs actual processing of data which

includes addition, substraction, multiplication and division.
It performs logical operation such as comparing two numbers.
Registers:

Registers are special storage areas built into processor to access
data at high speed.

These are fourteen(14) registers in a micro processor while each of
new microprocessor and few more registers or special reasons.
All registers are 16 bits(1 Byte) but some operatio can perform in
one byte (8 bits of specific registers)
The 80386 and 80486 are called 32 bits microprocessor.
2nd Generation:(1959-1964)
Transisters were used for internal logic circuit of computer.
These computers execute to locks instructions per second.
Main storage memory was increased.
In this period low level programming language were used high
level programming language such as fortran and cobol.
Applications
Payroll Processing,
Updating Files.
Advantages.
Smaller in size as compare to first generation.
Much reliable.
Less heat generation.
Computations were performed in micro seconds.
Less hardware failures.
Better portability.
Commercially used.
Limitations.
Air conditioning required.
Frequent maintenance required.
Commercial production was coslty.
3rd Generation
In this generation the integrated circuits(IC) were used an
integrated circuit contains many electronic componets on a
single chip.
In 1969 first microprocessor chip INTEL 4004 was developed.
Applications.
This computer was used for airline reservations, market
forecasting, credit card billing etc.
Advantages.
Smaller in size as compare to previous generation.
Reliablity increased.
Heat generation was rare.
Computations were performed in nano seconds.
Hardware failure was very rare.
Low maintenance cost.
Very easy portable.
These computer were very general purpose.
Less electricity consumption.
Commercial production was easier and cheaper.
Limitaions.
Air conditioning required in many cases.
Very advance technology was required to made IC.
Classification of Computer
Laptop Computer (Size)
Now more small and light weight versions of networks are
available which are called notebook while the most smallest
laptops are called palm top.
Micro Computer (Size)
Small machine
Lower in price
Easy to operate
Easy to maintain
Micro computers are commonly termed as PC (Personal
Computer)
Mini Computer (Size)
It is very popular in time sharing enviroment.
In time shairing enviroment many uses can utilise a single
computer at the same time by attaching terminals. Actually
computer switches between one uses to another uses very short
time allowing than to process their work, this switching is so fast
therefore no one has to weight for their turn.
Uses
These computers are also found in laboratories for all types of
scientifix and engineering work.
Mini computer were found to be more efficient much faster and
easy to operate as compared to macro’s.
It is used in medium size organization.
Macro Computer (Size) or Main frame computer
It is a large sized computers including all periphesals and
attached equipment.
Main frame computers is not a single computer but it may have
more than one CPU or these may be a centre with multiple
computers.
Uses
Mainframe computer might supports 1000 of users such as
worldwide airline reservation system.
A number of programs may be run on mainframe computer at a
time for different users located in various departments of
organizations.
These computers are used where large amount of data is to be
processed and large number of problems are used that is need
to be access centralized data.
MEMORY UNIT:
Memory unit are divided into two parts 1) ROM 2) Ram
ROM:
This is the type of pre-programmed memory that contains one or
more program vital to computers needs.
Often called firmware (software permanently housed in
hardware).
All computers used ROM to hold the certain start up programs
such as routines that start disk drives, load operating systems
into memory and transfer of control to new located operating
system.
This routin is known as boots trap program.
TYPES OF ROMS
PROM:Programable Read Only Memory.
EPROM:Erasable Programable Read Only Memory.
EEPROM:Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only
Memory.
EAPROM:Electrically Alterable Programming Read Only
Memory.


STORAGE DEVICES
Storage devices to save program and data on any storage media to
use it again and again. It is essential to use backing storage media
for huge amount of data.
TYPES OF STORAGE DEVICES
Floppy Disk
Hard Disk
CD-ROM
GRAPHICS TABLETS.
The graphic tablet is used a touch sensitive pad and styles it is also

called a digitilizing or digitilizer.


BARCODE READER.

Barcode reader are the black and white lines printed on a certain
items the numbers below then are information causes about each
item.Name of the manufacturere country of origen etc.
Barcode reader are linked to a computer and found at in stones and
library they can read the barcode printed in grocery items, they are
fast and efficient.
DIFFERECNCES BETWEEN MEDIA AND DEVICES
Media: the data is physically recorded on media.
Devices: The equipement used to store data are called devices.








MAGNETIC INK READER
Banks, chaques, printers with account number in magnetic ink a
special devices are called MICK.Reads a magnatic ink character the
MICR will read the infromation on the chaque directly into the
computer this helps to process cheque faster and more accuratly.
Input Devices.
Key board
Mouse
Track ball
Light pen
Toy stick
Magnetic ink reader
Optical character reader
Scanner
Voice
TRACK BALL
A track is just like a mouse turn upside down the cursor moves
when you move the ball in some laptop the track ball is embedded
in the keyboard.
JOY STICK

A joy stick is used to play computer games whenever the stick is 
moved the cursor moves in the same direction on the screen.
OPTICAL CHARACHTER READER
It seames in some time used with special software that can convert
printed character into computer data this seames is called optical
character reader.
OCR. Machines can read hand written numbers only if they follow a
contain styles.
OUT PUT DEVICES.
Moniter
Printer
Plotter
Speaker
PLOTTER.
Plotter are required to reduce high quality graphic such as
those required for an architectual plan.Plotters are slow but on
draw conticous lines often in different colours.
BUSSES.
A bus simply a made of trancporation. A bus line is a set of
paellel and electric path usually copper dressing on the surface
of motherboard. That internally transport data form one place
within the computers system.
The computer can transport more data at a time making the
computer faster.
The computer can reference larger memory addresses,
numbers allowing more memory.
The computer can transport a greater number and variety of
instructions.
These are three types of buses.
Data Bus (Bi-diractional)
Address Bus (Uni-Divetional)
Control Bus
Classification Of Computer
By Working Purpose
Digital
Comp
Analog Comp
Hybrid
Comp
By Purpose
& Uses
By Size
Laptop
Mini
super
Micro
Macro
General
Purpose
Special Purpose