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TRUTH
ETHICAL TRUTH & LOGICAL TRUTH
(truth from the sense of subjective component of knowledge)
(truth from the sense of objective component of knowledge)
ETHICAL TRUTH
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LOGICAL TRUTH
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The matter of ethical rule
Ethical truth is attributed to the
speaker
Function:
• Does not pay attention to the reality
• But we pay attention to the
correspondence between the
speaker’s statement and his mind.
Ethically he
right, he does
not lie
That is a
black pen
The matter of logical rule
Logical truth is the attribute of
proposition
Function
• We pay attention to reality
• The focus is the correspondence
between the statement and the
reality
Logically he
wrong, his
proposition does
not correspond to
the reality
TRUTH
For example :
in the middle age, Earth is the center of universe
Ptolemy
(85-126):
Geocentric
universe
Was believed
Was justified
But it is not knowledge,
since it is not the truth
Two things concerning truth
that always be mixed or confused to each another
• The Essence of Truth
• The method/ way coming to the truth
• The Essence of Truth
• The method/ way coming
to the truth
Deals with the questions, such as:
• What is the nature of truth?
• What is the reality of the truth?
• What is the meaning of truth?
• What is truth?
Deals with the questions, such as:
• How can we come to the conclusion
that a proposition is true?
• How can we know something is true?
• What is the criteria that a proposition is
true?
For example
If true is the
correspondence to reality
How we know that a proposition
corresponds to reality?
Many
philosophers
confuse
The Essence of Truth
“What is truth?”
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Historically, the most popular theory of
truth was the Correspondence
Theory.
•
for any proposition p, p is true if and
only if p corresponds to a fact.
•
First proposed in a vague form by Plato
and by Aristotle in his Metaphysics,
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No other theories than the
correspondence theory until the last of
19 C
It is begun under the influence of
Hegel and Kant at first, another
theories were built
•
After 19 C, at least there are 3
theories of truth remain
The Correspondence Theory of Truth
For any proposition p, p is true if and only if p corresponds to a fact / reality.
In knowledge we have :
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Proposition
Reality
We have knowledge of reality through proposition
So, the truth here means
There is correspondence between :
•
Proposition
So, knowledge in this theory  knowledge by mediation
i.e. through proposition
•
Reality
The Correspondence Theory of Truth
There are 3 axioms in this theory :
• There is reality outside mind
• We are able to know that external reality
• Our knowledge to the external reality is knowledge reality as it is
There is no objection
concerning this until
Hegel and Kant
Or not a phenomenological
knowledge / knowledge as
what phenomenon occurs is
in one’s perception
Hegel
Believed in identity between mind and reality
Kant
We just able to know phenomena, not noumena (reality as it is)
Phenomena = noumena + influence of mind
Under the influence
of both philosophers,
objections arise
Theory of truth is not Correspondence theory
Objections
Truth : corresponding between
• Proposition
• And Reality
• Hence, it means we know just proposition, and not reality
• When we know reality, it is indirectly, by mediation, that is proposition
• Hence we know reality through proposition
Hence, we cannot see 2 things: Proposition and Reality,
then see whether or not there is corresponding between them
Since we just know proposition
But this objection is not correct, since it is mixing between
ESSENCE of truth and CRITERIA of TRUTH
For example:
Ahmad : “gold is a metal of which atomic number is 90
Dahlan : “It is not true that gold is a metal of which
chemical number is 90”
Why ?
“Since we cannot recognize which metal
atomic number is 90”
Ahmad spoke about the essence of Gold
Dahlan objection is due to the criteria of knowing the atomic
number of gold
Dahlan’s objection is not correct since he make confusedness
between essence of a thing and criteria of coming to the knowledge
of that thing
Objections
Truth =
Corresponds to
Proposition
Reality
What is the bridge that
corresponds the
proposition to the
reality?
By another
proposition?
By another
proposition?
Lead to an
Infinite Regress
But this objection is not correct, since it is mixing between
ESSENCE of truth and CRITERIA of TRUTH
Objections
Liar Paradox
Epimenides (600 BC)
The Epimenides paradox is a problem in logic. It is named after the Cretan
philosopher Epimenides of Knossos (alive circa 600 BC).
Epimenides was a Cretan who made one immortal statement:
"ALL CRETANS ARE LIARS."
Another example:
"ALL WHAT I SAY ARE LIE."
Objections
Objection:
“The concept of Correspondence is not clarified”
Proposition
If truth :
Corresponds to
Reality
How can it be?
Both are Identical ? Similar?
• Hence we know reality through proposition
• It means, it assumes between proposition and reality there must be
the same identity
• But, it is impossible, since proposition is a thing and reality it refers
another different thing. Proposition and reality is not identical at all.
• So, in this sense proposition cannot correspond to reality, since they
are not identical to each another.
Proposition
If truth :
Reality
Corresponds to
How can it be?
Both are Identical ? Similar?
Another option :
there is similarity between both proposition and reality
Similarity between 2 things, means both things have:
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Aspect of similarities
Aspect of differences
it is the same just to same
extent, to some grades
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GRADUATED
But truth is not graduated
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A proposition that : “A is B”
Can be true or false
It cannot be between true
and false