Download Περίληψη : Χρονολόγηση Γεωγραφικός Εντοπισμός

IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ
Συγγραφή :
Μετάφραση :
Για παραπομπή :
Ζάχος Γεώργιος
Νάκας Ιωάννης
Ζάχος Γεώργιος , "Peace of Callias", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Μ. Ασία
URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=7887>
Περίληψη :
The Peace of Callias was the peace treaty of the 5th century BC between the Athenians, who where in charge of the allied Greeks, and the Persians.
It is directly connected with the fate of the Greek cities in Asia Minor.
Χρονολόγηση
449 BC
Γεωγραφικός Εντοπισμός
Susa, Persia
1. Historical conditions
The first mention of the treaty of Callias can be found in the Athenian historians and orators of the 4 th century BC, whose information
is reproduced by their successors with more or less accuracy.1 According to these testimonies Artaxerxes, king of the Persians, after
his successive defeats by Cimon in Cyprus, sent his satraps and commanders of his army, Artabazus I and Megabyzus, to Athens,
seeking for the signing of a peace treaty. An Athenian envoy, led by Callias, was sent to Susa.2
Concerning the date of the mission and the signing of the treaty there is disagreement amongst the scholars. Others suggest that it was
signed in 450/449 BC, others in 449/448 BC and others in 424/423 BC. It has also been suggested that it was signed immediately
after the Battle of Eurymedon in 466 BC and it was renewed in 464 and 449 BC.3 Finally, since the treaty is not mentioned by
Thucydides and Herodotus, some consider it a creation of the Athenian propaganda of the 4th century BC, which sought to compare
it to the treaty of 386 BC between the Spartans and the Persians (peace of Antalcidas), under which the Greek cities of Asia Minor
came under the control of the Great King once again.
Herodotus, though, reports the mission of Callias at Susa, something which shows there were at least some negotiations, without,
however, determining its goal.4 It is also clear that the Athenian orator Isocrates refers to an existing text when he publicly compares
the peace of Callias with the treaty between the Spartans and the Persians in 387/386 BC.5 In favour of the existence of the treaty
one might also use the references of Theopompus and of Plutarch concerning the building of an altar of Peace in Athens and the
honorary decrees offered to Callias.6
Irrespective of whether the treaty was signed or renewed in that year, the terms which have been delivered to us appear to belong to
the treaty of 449 BC or to have been confirmed by it, since from that date onwards a period of detente to the relations between the
Greeks and the Persians starts. The fact that Herodotus does not mention the signing of a treaty might reveal that it was short-lived
and probably its conditions were eventually imposed by the activity of the Athenian navy.7After all, such a thing can be inferred from
the information Plutarch gives that some satraps did not comply and the Athenians had to campaign against them, like in the case of
Chersonessos in eastern Thrace.8 This seems to be the case in a greater degree if this was indeed a treaty that was successively
violated and had to be renewed twice before it was finally ratified.
2. Terms of the treaty
1) The Greek cities of Asia Minor become autonomous.9 According to certain scholars the Athenians ensured the independence, but
not the excemption from the imperial taxation of the cities. They either stabilized the amount of the tax towards the king, preventing
arbitrary demands, or they began to exploit the taxes themselves.10 Nevertheless, concerning the “archaios dasmos” (ancient tax),11
that is the tax paid by the cities of Asia Minor to the Persian king, from the references of Thucydides it becomes clear that it was
abolished.12 Also, the contributions into the Delian League are a result of the impositionof the Athenian hegemony in the years to
Δημιουργήθηκε στις 10/5/2017
Σελίδα 1/4
IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ
Συγγραφή :
Μετάφραση :
Για παραπομπή :
Ζάχος Γεώργιος
Νάκας Ιωάννης
Ζάχος Γεώργιος , "Peace of Callias", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Μ. Ασία
URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=7887>
follow and must be considered independantly from the treaty of Callias.
2) No Persian satrap can come close to the coasts in a distance less than three days.13
3) The Persian ships would not enter the harbour of Phaselis in Pamphylia, i.e. they would not sail along the western coast of Asia
Minor beyond this point. Also, warships would not advance any further from the islets of Cyanon and Chelidonion.
The lack of information concerning the position of the abovementioned islets has allowed the formulation of different opinions about
the third term of the treaty. It has been suggested that these were islands of Pamphylia. Thus, this term concerns the restriction of the
entrance of ships of both sides in this region, which was the den of Peloponnesian pirates, whereas the second term forbade the
presence of the Persian troops in the region to the west of the Alys river to Sardis , where the Greek cities were. According to
another view, it is accepted that up to that line the troops of the king were not allowed to approach, whereas the troops of the satraps
could not come near the cities of Ionia to a less than three-days distance. It seems more plausible however, as the terms are
documented by the ancient texts, that the Persian warships could not sail westwards beyond the harbour of Phaselis and further than
the straits of Bosporus, where some scholars locate the abovementioned islets, whereas the Persian troops in general could not come
any closer than a three-days walk to the coasts of the Aegean. Thus the Athenian generals Pericles and Ephialtes heading towards the
Black Sea with 50 ships met no Persian ship on their course.14 The Athenian navy was now the only ruler of the Aegean Sea.
4) The Greek side is bound only not to invade the land of the Great King.
The references of Thucydides to the lack of fortification in many Ionian cities when he describes later events15 led to the hypothesis
that the Athenians had agreed to destroy the walls of the Greek cities in Asia Minor. In reality, however, the Athenians proceeded in
such actions against the Greek cities not only in Asia Minor but elsewhere, but these should not be correlated with the peace of
Callias, but with the Athenian hegemony. Finally, it has been suggested that the Athenians16 agreed not to found any colonies in Asia
Minor, an argument which seems to be totally unjustified.17
The terms of the peace of Callias, either agreed, either enforced, are a turning point in the history of the 5th century BC, not only
because they constitute an acceptance of the defeat by the Great King, but also because they gave the Athenians the ability to impose
their hegemony. Furthermore, the ideal conditions were created in Athens, thanks to the economic prosperity, as well as the
necessary time, to be adorned with works of art like the Parthenon. It has also been suggested that the representations of the battles
between the Gods and the Giants, the Lapithes and the Amazons, the Men and the Amazons, portrayed on the monument, are a
statement of the triumph of civilization against the Barbarians, which was affirmed by the peace of Callias.
The situation was, nevertheless, not ideal for the cities of Asia Minor, since from the Persian authority they came under the Athenian
control, from which they would try to free themselves many times in the future.
1. Isoc., Panegyricus 120; Lycurgus, Against Leocrates 13; D. 19.273; Aristodem, FGrHist 104F13.1‑2; D. S. 12.4.4‑6; Plu., Cim. 13.4‑14.1; Suidas, see ʹCalliasʹ.
2. Son of Hipponicus from the deme of Alopece. His family came from the genos Kerykes and its members were the dadouchoi at the Eleusinian mysteries for three or four generations. He was very rich thanks to the exploitation of the silver mines of Laurium, and it was ironically reported that he found a big treasure on the battlefield of Marathon and this is why he was called “lakkoploutos” (pit‑
rich). He won at the Olympic Games three times with his tethrippon and he also participated in the battle of Marathon. He married Elpinice, sister of Cimon. Apart from the Peace of Callias he also negotiated the Thirty‑Years Truce between Athens and Sparta in 446 BC.
Δημιουργήθηκε στις 10/5/2017
Σελίδα 2/4
IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ
Συγγραφή :
Μετάφραση :
Για παραπομπή :
Ζάχος Γεώργιος
Νάκας Ιωάννης
Ζάχος Γεώργιος , "Peace of Callias", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Μ. Ασία
URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=7887>
3. In the Suidas dictionary (see ʹCalliasʹ), it is reported that Callias renew the treaty already singed by Kimon, an information that could not be authentic, but a result of the confusion and the abbreviated writing of different events from the lexicographer. See also Suidas, see ʹCimonʹ.
4. Hdt. 7.151.
5. Isoc., Panegyricus 120.
6. FGrHist 115F153‑154; Plu., Cim. 13.6.
7. Cf. Plu., Cim. 13.5 and Bosworth, A.B., “Plutarch, Callisthenes and the Peace of Callias”, JHS 110 (1990), pp. 1‑13.
8. Plu., Cim. 14.1.
9. The fullest account of the terms can be found in D. S. 12.4.4‑6.
10. Cook, J.M., “The Problem of Classical Ionia”, PCPhS n.s. 7 (1961), p. 9‑18, esp.p. 16‑18.
11. Murray, O., «Ο Αρχαίος Δασμός», Historia 15 (1966), pp. 142‑156.
12. Th. 8.5.5 and 8.6.1.
13. However in Plutarch, Cimon 13.4 the distance of one day ride from the sea towards the hinterland is reported.
14. Plut., Cim. 13.5. For these limitations to the activity of the Persian navy cf. Th. 8.56.6.
15. Th. 3.33.2.
16. Gomme, A.W., A Historical Commentary on Thukydides I2 (Oxford 1966), p. 376.
17. Meritt, B.D. – Wade-Gery, H.T. – McGregor, M.F., The Athenian Tribute Lists III (Princeton 1950), pp. 282-284.
Βιβλιογραφία :
Meiggs R., The Athenian Empire, Oxford 1972
Andrews A., "Thucydides and the Persians", Historia, 10, 1961, 1-18
Badian E., "The Peace of Callias", JHS, 107, 1987, 1-39
Badian E., From Platea to Potidaea. Studies in the History and Historiography of the Pentecontaetia,
Baltimore – London 1993
Davies J.K., Athenian Propertied Families, 600-300 B.C., Oxford 1971
Hands D.R., "In Favour of a Peace of Kallias", Mnemosyne, 18, 155-156
Holladay A.J., "The détente of Kallias?", Historia, 35, 1986, 503-507
Δημιουργήθηκε στις 10/5/2017
Σελίδα 3/4
IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ
Συγγραφή :
Μετάφραση :
Για παραπομπή :
Ζάχος Γεώργιος
Νάκας Ιωάννης
Ζάχος Γεώργιος , "Peace of Callias", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Μ. Ασία
URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=7887>
Mattingly H.B., "The Peace of Kallias", Historia, 14, 1965, 271-281
Meister K., Die Ungeschichtlichkeit des Kallias Friedens und deren historische Folgen, Wiesbaden
1982, Paligenesia 18
Oliver J.H., "The Peace of Callias and the Pontic Expedition of Pericles", Historia, 6, 1957, 254-255
Samons L.J., "Kimon, Kallias and Peace with Persia", Historia, 47, 1988, 129-140
Thompson W.E., "The Peace of Callias in the Fourth Century", Historia, 30, 1981, 164-177
Wade-Gery H.T., Essays in Greek History, Oxford 1958
Walsh J., "The authenticity and the dates of the Peace of Kallias and the Congress Decree", Chiron, 11, 1981,
31-63
Bosworth A.B., "Plutarch, Callisthenes and the Peace of Callias", JHS, 110 , 1990, 1-13
Cook J.M., "The Problem of Classical Ionia", PCPhS n.s., 7, 1961, 9-18
Gomme A.W, A Historical Commentary on Thucydides I, 2. ed. , Oxford 1966
Murray O., "Ο αρχαίος δασμός", Historia, 15, 1966, 142-156
Wade-Gery H.T., McGregor M.F., Meritt B.D., The Athenian Tribute Lists III, Princeton 1950
Δικτυογραφία :
Classical Period - Politics
http://www.fhw.gr/chronos/05/en/politics/index.html
Γλωσσάριo :
satrap, the
The title designated a representative of the Persian king, and was widely used in the Persian language. In ancient writers the term usually designates
an official of the Persian empire who assumes highest political and military power within the limits of his satrapia, the division under his command.
Alexander the Great introduced the institution to the administrative organisation of his empire in the East.
In the Roman empire, the office of the satrap was hereditary for Armenian nobles who administered an Armenian klima (=canton, a historicgeographical unit); in the case of the Armenian territories inside the Roman Empire, the satrap yielded limited power under the suzerainty of the
Roman emperor.
Δημιουργήθηκε στις 10/5/2017
Σελίδα 4/4