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Monday, December 5th Pg. 62 RTW: Do you have any questions about the test? • Objective: I will be able to ace the test tomorrow. • Agenda ▫ Study guide (due tomorrow before the test) • Homework ▫ Study for Unit 5 Test and finish study guide Tuesday, December 6th No RTW: Turn in study guides, bags/phones up front, grab your clicker • Objective: I will be able to ace the test! • Agenda ▫ Unit 5 Test • Homework ▫ None Wednesday, December 7th Pg. 66 RTW: How do our actions on land affect the coasts? • Objective: I will be able to explain why marine life is more abundant in coastal waters as compared to open ocean. • Agenda ▫ New GOW (pg. 64) new TOC (pg. 65) ▫ Coastal Ecosystem Notes pg. 67 • Homework ▫ None 4 Energy Flow and Nutrient Cycles • Energy flow through the food web affects an ecosystem by determining how much energy is available for organisms at higher trophic levels. • carbon nutrient cycle ▫ is the basis for most of the biomass in all ecosystems Ecology and Ecosystems • nitrogen nutrient cycle ▫ is thought to be more limited in marine ecosystems than in terrestrial ecosystems • temperate ecosystems have less overall sunlight, but receive far more nutrients ▫ For this reason . . . the most productive marine ecosystems are found in cold, temperate regions > 5 The Continental Shelf The neritic zone water between the low tide mark and the edge of the CS is a significant marine ecosystem because … Ecosystems in the Open Sea it is the most productive region in the ocean continental-shelf depth seldom exceeds 200 meters (656 feet) helps to keep nutrients in the shallow photic zone and … helps retain heat from the sun nutrients come from river runoff near shore and rise with currents from deep water > 6 Ecosystems in the Open Sea Upwellings an upward vertical current plays a significant role in the balance of coastal ocean ecosystems are important to open-ocean ecosystems because they bring nutrients from deeper water to shallow, more productive depths areas with the highest upwelling activity also have the highest nutrient levels and therefore highest productivity Regions including: Worldwide upwelling ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ waters offshore of Peru the Bering Sea the Grand Banks in the Atlantic the deep water surrounding Antarctica > 7 Coastal Ecosystems High Productivity Marine Environments • Coastal ecosystems are highly productive ecosystems for several reasons: ▫ 1. benefit from nutrient-rich runoff from land ▫ 2. being shallow, the benthic organisms in these ecosystems live in the upper photic zone, instead of the bottom as in the open sea ▫ 3. salt-tolerant plants can grow in the well-lit shallows, providing shelter ▫ 4. these plants act as the foundation for several different types of ecosystems that cannot exist in the open ocean • a combination of nutrients, light, and shelter make coastal ecosystems diverse and rich > 8 Coastal Ecosystems High Productivity Marine Environments Human activities have wide-ranging potential effects on coastal ecosystems. because people live near water . . . means that many of our activities potentially affect coastal ecosystems we can’t always anticipate consequences to the ecosystems two examples are agricultural fertilizer and pollutants Eutrophication an overabundance of nutrients that causes an ecological imbalance it is a stimulus to some species and a detriment to others red tides are caused by eutrophication > Nutrients, Algae and Fish Kills • In normal ecosystem low nutrient levels keep algae in check • Adding nutrients causes algal blooms • Algae die and become detritus (decaying matter) • Detritus is decomposed by microbes, microbe populations boom. • Microbes use the oxygen in the water • Low dissolved oxygen in the water kills fish and other organisms • Dead zones appear in the bay where nothing can live Fish kill caused by nutrient build-up, Nanticoke River, Chesapeake Bay, 1992 10 11 Pg. 66 S.T.A.R 1. What are two reasons that coastal ecosystems are highly productive ecosystems? 2. Where is the neritic zone located? 3. Why is it sometimes challenging for humans to prevent damage to the coastal ecosystems? 4. How is the Red Tide linked to eutrophication? Thursday, December 8th Pg. 66 RTW: What does upwelling do? • Objective: I will be able to describe the classification system of estuaries based off their location. • Agenda: ▫ Brief estuary notes (pg. 69) ▫ Gather Estuary notes (pg. 68) • Homework ▫ None 13 Estuaries = partially enclosed water bodies where fresh and salt water mix • estuaries serve as nurseries for more than 75% of the commercial fish species • estuaries contribute to the productivity of adjacent marine ecosystems . . . . ▫ 1. by providing surviving juvenile species with shelter for them to mature Coastal Ecosystems by increasing the number of individuals that survive the hazardous larval and juvenile stages ▫ 2. by providing nutrients to adjacent ecosystems while trapping sediment and other materials in runoff from rain and storms reduces eutrophication and other runoff damage > Plants and Animals of Estuaries • Estuaries support many marine organisms because of plenty of light and plenty of nutrients for both plants and animals. • The light and nutrients . . . . ▫ support large populations of rooted plants as well as plankton ▫ plankton in turn provide food for fish ▫ fish can then be eaten by larger animals such as dolphins ▫ oysters and clams live anchored to rocks and feed on plankton, cleaning the water and preventing erosion Threats to Estuaries • are often used as places to dump waste and or filled for building sites • the pollutants that damage estuaries are sewage, pesticides, fertilizers, and toxic chemicals ▫ most of these break down over time • estuaries cannot cope with the amounts of pollutants produced by dense human populations Pg. 66/68 Go Social graphic organizer 1. Highly Stratified or Salt Wedge Estuary 2. Slightly Stratified 3. Vertically Mixed For each record: ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ Google= word Twitter= ≤140 character less description or definition Instagram= picture #= hashtag phrase to help you remember the definition Friday, December 9th Pg. 66 RTW: How do estuaries support marine organisms? • Objective: I will be able to describe the abiotic and biotic factors of the following coastal ecosystems, including: ▫ Mangrove swamps ▫ Salt marshes ▫ Sea grasses • Agenda ▫ Oyster Facts ▫ Coastal ecosystem research ▫ Graphic Organizer • Homework ▫ None Oysters' affect on water Oyster Facts • Typically a single oyster can filter up to 2 gallons (7.57 litres) of water an hour. Coastal Ecosystem Project • You will research the different types of coastal ecosystems: ▫ Salt water marsh ▫ Mangrove swamps ▫ Sea grasses • Create a graphic organizer answering the following: ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ What defines this ecosystem Environmental conditions How do organisms have to adapt to life here Examples of organisms Coastal Ecosystems • Three types: ▫ Salt water marsh ▫ Mangrove swamps ▫ Sea grasses Is it a marsh or a swamp?! (know the difference) • Marsh: little H2O movement lots of decomposers dominated by non-woody plants • Swamp: poorly drained land reptiles are major predators dominated by woody plants Salt Marsh Mangrove Swamp Salt Marshes Biotic Factors Abiotic Factors • Plants: • these have the highest salinity of all the ecosystems • they also absorb pollutants to help protect inland areas grasses, sedges, and other plants that have adapted to continual periodic flooding and are found primarily throughout the temperate and subarctic regions • Animals: • they support a community of clams, fish, aquatic birds, crabs, and shrimp American Oyster Catcher Fiddler Crab Great Egret 29 Salt Marshes • salt marshes exist in estuaries and along the coasts ▫ upper marsh includes the areas only rarely flooded by the tides ▫ lower marsh Coastal Ecosystems includes areas flooded by salt water and a regular part of the tidal cycle organisms living here must tolerate significantly more osmotic stress than species with niches in the upper marsh. > 30 Salt Marshes • halophytes ▫ plants that have adaptations that allow them to survive in salt water • lower marsh halophytes ▫ deal with constant osmotic stress and have adaptations to deal with it adaptations include: pores in the leaves through which it breathes concentrates salts in its roots salt glands on leaves and stem Coastal Ecosystems • upper marsh halophytes ▫ have much reduced osmotic stress adaptations include: sacrificial leaves > Mangroves • cold-sensitive trees that grow near saline waters along tropical & subtropical shores • Daytona/St. Augustine is northern limit for white mangroves • three species ▫ red mangrove- closest to water ▫ black mangrove ▫ white mangrove Mangrove Swamps • they are tropical or subtropical marine swamps ▫ characterized by the abundance of low to tall mangrove trees • the swamps help protect the coastline from erosion and reduce the damage from storms • they also provide a home for about 2,000 animal species • they have been filled with waste and destroyed in many parts of the world. (In Florida it is now illegal to cut/move/destroy mangroves) 33 Coastal Ecosystems Mangrove Swamps • all species of mangroves share two important characteristics that make them the basis of mangrove ecosystems 1. strong, tangled roots that provide habitats for juvenile fish and invertebrates - this provides a nursery for nearby marine ecosystems, particularly coral reefs 2. due to size they hold the soil well, protecting the habitat and coast from erosion from storm surges, waves, and weather > 34 Coastal Ecosystems Mangrove Swamps • red mangroves ▫ grow above the waterline on stilt-like roots allowing oxygen to get to the roots • black mangroves ▫ have roots that grow in the sediment below the waterline ▫ they aerate their roots with snorkel-like tubes that carry air from above to the roots • white mangroves ▫ lack special root adaptations ▫ they are very saltwater tolerant, but thrive high on the tideline > Red Mangrove • protects shoreline & stabilizes sediment • propagulelong & pencil shaped seeds Red Mangrove -w/ propagule (Seed) Black Mangrove • least cold sensitive of all mangrove species • seeds resemble lima beans Black Mangrove White Mangrove • most cold sensitive of all mangrove species • identified by two glands on leaf stem (Frankenstein’s • monster) • leaf tip is rounded w/ indention • Small fruits with wrinkled texture (think raisins!) White Mangrove 43 Seagrasses marine plants covering extensive shallow underwater “meadows” Coastal Ecosystems • seagrasses differ from other halophytes in several ways: ▫ they are the only plants, living entirely underwater except during rare, very low tides ▫ they have no means of extracting fresh water from seawater ▫ they extract oxygen from the seawater and have internal air canals ▫ they do not need to have a freshwater source because they have an internal salinity the same as seawater ▫ they reproduce by releasing pollen into the water, much like land-based plants release pollen into the wind > 44 Seagrasses • seagrasses differ from other halophyte-based ecosystems because: Coastal Ecosystems ▫ they are edible and provide food for ecosystem inhabitants like microbes, invertebrates, fish, turtles, manatees, and dugongs > 45 S.T.A.R 1. What is one major difference between a swamp and a marsh? 2. What are halophytes? 3. What is a major problem for estuaries? 4. Estuaries serve as a nursery to what % of commercial species?