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Student Name: ________________________ SNC 3E Unit #4 The Immune System and Human Health Date: ________________ Science Wise: Succeeding in Today’s World 8.2 Diseases of the Human Immune System Chapter Notes (pg.256-260) Non-communicable Diseases of the Immune System In Section 7.3 you learned about the ____________ _____________. Recall that the immune response is the process by which your body makes _________________ against an ___________. An antigen is usually a ______________ or part of a pathogen. The immune response helps your body to _____________ to _____________ off the invasion of a pathogen. Sometimes, however, the body makes a _____________ and prepares antibodies against ______________ that are ______________. These particles can be things in the __________________ such as ____________ _____________, or substances from _________ and ________, or they can be parts of your own body. People whose immune system makes these ______________ will have a __________________________ disease of the immune system. Allergies Do you, or someone you know, have allergies? ______________ are very ______________, so chances are the answer is yes. An allergy is an ______________ ________________, by the body, to something that is not usually ______________. Some of the more common allergies are allergies to certain ______________, certain ____________, or certain foods (Figure 8.9). People who have allergies may ____________ ______________ such as ____________ __________, ____________ __________ and _______________ whenever they encounter the ______________. An allergen is anything that causes an allergy. Why is it that one person can be allergic to cats and not to dogs or _______________, while someone else can be allergic to ragweed but not to cats or dogs? This is because allergies are caused by the _______________ of antibodies against _______________ ______________. If someone is allergic to ragweed, their body has made ________________ against a part of that _____________, usually the pollen. Once your body has made antibodies against a substance, every time you ________________ that substance, your body will try to _____________ it. Page 1 of 5 Student Name: ________________________ SNC 3E Unit #4 The Immune System and Human Health Date: ________________ Science Wise: Succeeding in Today’s World 8.2 Diseases of the Human Immune System How is an _______________ different from an ______________? All allergens are also antigens, because an antigen is anything that is __________________ by an _______________. But allergens do not usually do any ____________ to the human body. For example, people who are _______________ to cats react to a particle produced by cats called _______________. Dander is not _________________ and is not a pathogen, so for people without cat allergies, it is not __________________. For people with cat allergies, dander is both an _______________ and an ______________. In comparison, the ______________ pathogen is ________________ to the human body. Therefore, the measles pathogen is only an antigen. The ________________ of an allergy are caused by the _______________ in your body that occur during the immune response. Most people with ______________ develop _____________ symptoms such as a ____________ _________ and _______________. Some people can have more ______________ reactions caused by the _______________ of parts of the body. This swelling can be relatively harmless, such as _______________ ___________ or ___________ ___________ called _________, or it can be life-threatening, such as severe swelling of the ____________ that blocks ______________. Minor allergy symptoms can be _______________ with ____________________ medicines such as those in Figure 8.11, but people with severe allergies must use ________________ medicines, or visit the _________________ room to treat their symptoms. Auto-immune Diseases Auto-immune diseases are ______________ in which a person’s immune system attacks ____________ in his or her own body. When someone has an auto-immune disease, his or her immune system _____________ some of the cells of the person’s own body for a _____________ substance. As a result, the immune system _____________ to the cells, or parts of the cells, of the body as if the person were under _____________ by a pathogen. Auto-immune diseases are usually very _____________, because the immune system will ____________ ___________ part of the body, as shown in Figure 8.12. Describe what has happened to the person in the diagram. ______________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ Page 2 of 5 Student Name: ________________________ SNC 3E Unit #4 The Immune System and Human Health Date: ________________ Science Wise: Succeeding in Today’s World 8.2 Diseases of the Human Immune System Some _______________________ diseases you may have heard of are: _______________ _____________, in which the immune system attacks part of the ________________ system; _______________ disease, in which the ________________ system is attacked; and _______________, in which cells in the ___________ are attacked. Although prescription drugs are available to treat symptoms, these diseases cannot yet be ____________. Communicable Disease of the Immune System: AIDS Until 1987, no pathogens were known to attack the immune system itself. This changed with the first case of ________________ ___________ ________________ ______________, or AIDS. Since then, AIDS has become a household word. _________________ of lives have been lost __________________ to this disease and the number of cases continues to grow. AIDS is caused by the ______________ _______________________ ___________, or HIV. HIV attacks and destroys the __________ blood cells that make antibodies. People with AIDS, therefore, have __________ levels of ________________ and are unable to _____________ off infection by pathogens that would normally be _____________ destroyed. AIDS victims usually die of other diseases because their _____________ system is no longer able to fight off ______________. Since _____________, medicines have been made available that can ______________ the AIDS virus from reproducing and ________________ white blood cells. These ________________ increase the expected life __________ of people with AIDS. Although AIDS is no longer a ____________ sentence, people infected with HIV must take many different and ________________ medicines every day. These medicines can also have severe _____________ ______________ including ____________, ______________, _______________, ______________, _______________, ______________ or __________ ___________, ______________ and possibly ________________. However, the medicines do not kill off the __________ that is already in the body, so if a person stops taking the medicines for any reason, the virus will ____________ to reproduce and _______________ white blood cells again. Page 3 of 5 Student Name: ________________________ SNC 3E Unit #4 The Immune System and Human Health Date: ________________ Science Wise: Succeeding in Today’s World 8.2 Diseases of the Human Immune System HIV testing When a person first becomes infected with __________, he or she is unlikely to have any ________________ at all. It can take ____________ for symptoms to develop. However, anyone who is infected with HIV can ___________ the virus on to other people by certain kinds of _____________. Therefore, anyone who thinks they may have become _________________ with HIV should see a _____________ and be tested for the virus. A person who has been infected by HIV is said to be ____________________. Someone who has not been infected by HIV is said to be ___________________. Avoiding Transmission of HIV Many viruses, such as the __________________ virus, can travel through the _________ from one person to another. However, HIV can only ________________ within body fluids such as ____________, __________, or _____________. Because of this, AIDS can only be ________________ by _____________ contact with the body ___________ of another person. Because AIDS is such a serious disease, __________________ around the world have _______________ AIDS education programs to teach people how to avoid spreading HIV. Review and Apply 1. In 2 or 3 sentences, explain the relationship between the immune system and allergies. Use a specific example in your answer. ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 2. Can diseases of the immune system be cured? In your answer, explain the difference between curing a disease and treating a disease. ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ Page 4 of 5 Student Name: ________________________ SNC 3E Unit #4 The Immune System and Human Health Date: ________________ Science Wise: Succeeding in Today’s World 8.2 Diseases of the Human Immune System 3. In your own words, explain the difference between an allergen and an antigen. ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 4. Imagine you are a server in a restaurant. A customer tells you that she is allergic to wheat and asks you to make sure that wheat is not used to make the soup she has ordered. When you ask the cook, you are told that only a very small amount of wheat flour is used to thicken the soup. Would it be safe to serve this dish to the customer? Give reasons for your answer. ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 5. List 3 auto-immune diseases. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 6. Choose one 1 of the following jobs: police officer, hospital orderly, or ambulance attendant. Given that HIV is only transmitted by direct contact with body fluids, write a short paragraph describing how people in the job you choose might come into contact with HIV when they are at work. ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ Page 5 of 5