Download Contraception - Ramsey School District

Contraception
HEALTH CLASS
Ramsey High School
What Doesn’t Work
• Withdrawal: pulling your penis out of the
vagina before ejaculation will not prevent a
pregnancy
• Rhythm: Avoiding intercourse during
ovulation will not prevent a pregnancy
• Douching: Cleaning your vagina
immediately after intercourse will not
prevent a pregnancy
Contraception
• Intentional prevention of conception
through the use of various devices, agents,
drugs, sexual practices, or surgical
procedures.
Questions
• How will it fit into your lifestyle?
• How effective will it be?
• How safe will it be?
• How affordable will it be?
• Is it reversible?
• Does it protect against STDs
Over-the-Counter
• Abstinence
• Condom
• Female Condom
• Spermicides
• Sponge
Abstinence
How It works
• Abstaining from sex (do not take part in)
– Vaginal, anal, oral
Effectiveness
• 100%
–In preventing pregnancy and
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
(STDs)
Advantages
• Prevents pregnancy and STDs
• Finding other ways to be intimate with
your partner
•Talking, listening, sharing, being
honest, respecting each others
thoughts and feelings
Disadvantages
• Peer pressure
• May be hard for some people to abstain
Availability/Cost
• Costs nothing
• Available to everyone
Condom
How it works
-latex or lambskin sheath that serve as a
barrier preventing the passage of sperm as
well as disease carrying organisms.
-prevents vaginal fluids from entering the
male’s urethral opening.
Effectiveness
• 82%-98%
• More protection is possible if condoms are
used with a spermicide.
Advantages
• Does not alter hormonal balance
• Readily available
• Allows men to share responsibility for birth
control and STD prevention
• No side effects (unless latex allergy)
Disadvantages
• Must stop intercourse to apply condom
• May lessen sexual sensations
• Can slip off or tear
Availability/Cost
• Over-the-counter
– Drug stores, super markets, family planning
clinics, college health centers.
• Less than $.50-$2.00/each
• F.Y.I. – CAN ONLY BE USED ONCE
•Also check expiration dates
Female Condom
How It Works
• Serves as a barrier method
• Polyurethane (plastic) pouch with flexible
rings at each end
• Used to line the vagina during intercourse
• Collects semen
Effectiveness
• 79%-95%
• Can be used with spermicides
Advantages
• Allows woman to share responsibility in
preventing STD’s
• Do not need an erection to stay in place
Disadvantages
• Vaginal irritation
• May slip into the vagina during intercourse
• Bulky, hard to insert
• Less effective than male condom in
preventing pregnancy and STD’s
• noisy
Availability/Cost
• OTC
– Drug stores, family planning clinics, some super
markets
• Costs about $2.50/each
Spermicides
How It Works
• Chemical agent that immobilizes sperm
(nonoxynol-9)
• Coats the cervical opening
• Comes in a variety of preparations
– Foams, creams, jellies, film & suppositories
Effectiveness
• 71%-85%
• Using a condom increases effectiveness
Advantages
• No prescription required
• Do not have to interrupt intercourse
– Can be inserted beforehand
Disadvantages
• High failure rate
• Some brands may irritate the penis or
vagina
• No STD protection
• Can be messy (leakage)
Availability/Cost
• OTC
– Drug stores, some super markets, family
planning clinics
• $8.00—foam/gel refills cost about $4-$8
The Sponge
How It Works
• Made of polyurethane foam and contains
spermicide
– Serves as a barrier covering the cervix
– Releases spermicide
– Traps and absorbs sperm
Effectiveness
• 84%-91%
– Women who have never given birth
• 68%-80%
– Women who have given birth
*must be left in for 6 hrs after intercourse
Advantages
• Does not interrupt intercourse
– Can be inserted hrs ahead of time
• Can be worn up to 30 hours
• No prescription
Disadvantages
• No STD protection
• Can get messy
• Insertion/removal can be difficult
• Vaginal irritation
• Increased of TSS
Availability/Cost
• OTC
• 3-pack--$7.50-$9.00
Prescription Methods
• The Pill
• The Patch—Ortho Evra
• The Ring—Nuva Ring
• Diaphragm, caps, shields
• The Shot—Depo Provera
• IUD-Intrauterine Device
The Pill
2 types—combination and progestin-only
Combination-pills contain both synthetic
estrogen and progestin (like hormones
produced in the ovaries).
Progestin-only-contains synthetic form of
progestin
How it Works
• Keeps the ovaries from releasing an agg
(ovulation)
• Thickens cervical mucus-prevents the
passage of sperm
• Hormone also affects lining of the uterusprevents implantation
Effectiveness
• 92%-99%
• Failure rate increases if:
–
–
–
–
Pills are started too late in the cycle
2 or more pills are missed in a row
Pills are taken in wrong order
Taken with antibiotics and other meds.
Advantages
• Protection for 1 month
• Nothing to do right before intercourse to
protect against pregnancy
• Regulates menstrual cycle
• Less acne
• Protection against some cancers
• Fewer non-cancerous breast growths
• REQUIRES REGULAR CHECK-UPS
Disadvantages
• No STD protection
• Must take daily pill
• Weight gain/loss
• Breast tenderness
• Nausea
• Changes in mood
• Health risks
Availability/Cost
• By prescription only
• Exam ranges from $35-$125
• Monthly packages $20-$35
The Patch—Ortho Evra
How It Works
• Same as the pill
• Thin beige, plastic patch applied to the skin
• Change patch once a week for 3 weeks
• Do not wear anything for 4th week
Effectiveness
• 99%
• Failure rate increases
– Patch becomes loose or falls off for more than
24 hours
– Same patch is left on for more than 1 week
Advantages
(specific to The Patch)
• Does not involve taking a pill everyday
Disadvantages
(specific to The Patch)
• Skin reaction at site of application
• No STD protection
Availability/Cost
• Prescription only
• Exam $35-$125
• Patches--$20-$35
Diaphragm, Caps, Shields
How It Works
• Soft latex or silicone barriers that are
intended to fit securely in the vagina to
cover the cervix
• Holds spermicide in place
Effectiveness
(varies with method)
• Diaphragm—84%-94%
• Shield—85%
• Fem Cap
– 86% (before childbirth)
– 71% (after childbirth)
Advantages
• No interruption—can be inserted hours
ahead of time
• Can be easily carried (purse,pocket)
• No hormones
– Can be used during breast feeding
Disadvantages
•
•
•
•
Insertion can be difficult
Can be pushed out of place
Vaginal irritation
Can be messy
Availability/Cost
•
•
•
•
Prescription only
Exam $50-$200
Prescription barrier methods $15-$75
Spermicide $8-$17
The Shot—Depo Provera
How it works
• Shot of synthetic progesterone (similar to
that produced in the ovaries)
– Keeps the ovaries from releasing an egg
(ovulation)
– May thicken cervical mucus
– Prevents implantation (uterine lining)
Effectiveness
• 97%-99%
Advantages
• Can be used by women who cannot take
estrogen
• Nothing to put in place
• Protection against pregnancy for 12 wks
• Reduces menstrual cramps
• Helps prevent cancer (uterine lining)
Disadvantages
• No STD protection
• Irregular bleeding (most common)
• Takes 12 wks-more than a yr to conceive
after last shot
• Inconvenient (shot every 3 months)
• Less common side effects
• Research update
Availability/Cost
• Exam $35-$125
• Injections cost $30-$75
• Subsequent visits $20-$40 plus injection
IUD—Intrauterine Device
(2 types)
• Small devices made of plastic
– ParaGard-also contains copper
– Mirena-releases Progestin
How It Works
• Usually prevents fertilization
• Seem to affect the way the egg and sperm
move
– Immobilizes sperm, egg moves faster through
fallopian tubes.
• Affect the lining of the uterus (prevents
implantation)
Effectiveness
• 99%-over 99%
• Effectiveness is increased by checking
IUD string regularly
Advantages
• Highly effective
• Basically maintenance-free
• Long term protection
– ParaGard-12 yrs
– Mirena-5 yrs
• No interruption
• Ability to conceive returns quickly when us
is stopped
Disadvantages
• Insertion can be painful (like severe
menstrual cramps)
• Side effects—excessive cramping,
irregular bleeding
• Risk of PID
• No STD protection
Availability/Cost
• Prescription only
– Exam insertion, follow-up--$175-$400
Nuva Ring
• How it works: ring is placed in the vagina
for 3 weeks, releases hormones that stop
the ovaries from releasing eggs
Effectiveness
• 99% as long as ring is properly used
Advantages
• Do not have to take a pill or use a patch
• Lasts for 3 weeks
Disadvantages
• Could cause vaginal discharge
Cost/Availability
• Need a prescription
• Costs $30-75 for 3 month supply
Emergency Contraception
• Needs to be used within 120 hours of sex
• Will stop egg from being released, and will
stop fertilized egg from implanting in the
uterus
Effectiveness
• 99% as long as pill is taken within 120
hours of intercourse
Advantages
• Safe and effective
• Only contraceptive method that can work
after intercourse
Disadvantages
• Nausea and vomiting for a couple days
after use
• Frequent use could cause irregular
periods
Cost and Availability
• $30 to $65
• Available at most pharmacies over the
counter, no age limit