Download MCombating the Invasive Species of Asian Carp

MCombating the Invasive
Species of Asian Carp
By : Catherine Graham
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Table of Contents
Abstract: 3
Ecosystems and Disturbances: 3-5
Invasive Species: 5-6
Lineage of Asian Carp: 6-7
Pathways of Introduction: 7-8
Types of Asian Carp: 8-10
Natural Predators to the Asian Carp: 11-12
Special Asian Carp Bodily Functions: 12-13
Special Adaptions of the Asian Carp: 13-14
Spawning Habits of the Asian Carp: 14-15
Combating the Asian Carp Invasion: 15-16
Methods of Controling the Asian Carp Population: 16-18
Where are they now?: 19-22
How indanger are the Great Lakes? : 22-24
Conclusion: 24-25
Works Cited: 25-27
Acknowledgements: 28
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Abstract
In the freshwater rivers in North America, the Asian Carp have threatened to disturb the
ecosystem. There are four types of Asian Carp that are considered invasive because they harm
the environment: the Grass Carp, Black Carp, Bigheaded Carp, and Silver Carp. These Asian
Carp overpopulate areas and eat all of the natural resources causing native inhabitants to
decrease in health and numbers.
Asian Carp are a great threat to the ecosystems of the Great Lakes and the fishing
industry. There are no living natural predators of adult Asian Carp still living and human
intervention became necessary to try to supress the Asian Carp populations. Asian Carp are
tracked by eDNA testing and once located, electric fences are put up to guide the Asian Carp
away from the Great Lakes. The chemical rotenone, a pesticide that harms the environemnt, is
used in the water to kill the Asian Carp to control the population.
Asian Carp are a rich natural resourse of Omega 3 fatty acid. Asian Carp should be
consumed by humans, used as fertilizer, and harvested for Omega 3 fatty acid.
____________________________________________________________________________________
Ecosystems and Disturbances
An ecosystem is the sum of all organisms living within its boundaries and all the abiotic
factors with which they interact (Alters, Sandra, Biology). Each ecosystem is special in the
interdependence between animals that live there and the resources, both biotic and abiotic, that
exist within that region (Figure A). A delicate balance exists; if an ecosystem is disrupted by
artifical or natural means (Figure B), it will not only affect all the living organisms within the
ecosystem, but will also affect neighboring ecosystems (Alters, Sandra, Biology). If a chain
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reaction within an ecosystem and between ecosystems is initiated then the habitat and inhabitants
of the habitat can be changed forever. These large scale changes within an ecosystem can have
deletrious effects on our global ecosystem and the native species within each individual
ecosystem (Alters, Sandra, Biology). Food webs, energy webs, and niches can be forever
changed; in turn, so can the natural world as we know it.
Figure A: In an ecosystem, all organisms are dependent on each other. A delicate balance exists.
When disturbed, the entire ecosystem is changed forever.
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Figure B: Examples of disturbances that can distrubt and change an ecosystem for life that are
naturally caused
Invasive Species
An invasive species is a species that meet two requirements, they are non-native to the
ecosystem that is being considered and their introduction causes or are likely to cause economic
or environmental harm or harm to human health (Asian Carp, National Invasive). Invasive
species can be introduced into the environment by pathways both man made and naturally made.
Most invasive species are a result of human interference with the environment.
An example of a man made pathway for invasive species is the fishing industry. The
demand in the market for fish goes up, so companies devise plans to satisfy that demand.
Fishing boats set out on bodies of water to catch fish, and in the process they fill up ballast tanks
in the boat to keep the boat afloat. These boats come back to harbor to drop off their fish they
caught and in the process they empty their ballast tanks leaving fish they didn’t intend to catch in
the water. The boats can bring small species to delicate ecosystems from foreign waters. The
foregin species can after being introduced could be a potential new invasive species. As
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globilization continues and world trade continues, foreign species will contine to be introduced
into ecosystems by man made pathways.
One invasive species that was brought in by ballast tanks from fishing boats was the
Zebra Mussles which were originally from the Aral, Black, and Caspian Seas. They were
introduced to Western Europe in the 1700s and then the United States in the 1980s (Tammi,
Karin A, Zebra Musscle). Zebra Muscles when brought to the United States thrived in the
ecosystems in the United States and filled the waters. They mass reproduced because conditions
on the waters in the United States were perfect for them to thrive in. They overcleaned the waters
making it harder for other filter feeding animals to survive and they even infested water pipes.
They started to interfere with human lives as they became a dangerous little muscle in
freshwaters. Zebra Muscles are inedible by humans and have few natural predetors. They store
toxins and they are hosts for parasites. As a defense mechanism Zebra Muscles have a very
sharp shell and they cut anything that puts pressure on them, like human feet or animals. Five
million dollars were spent on the removal of the Zebra Muscles because of their huge impact on
the ecysystem. The invasive species harmed humans and the ecosystems of the freshwaters in the
United States (Tammi, Karin A, Zebra Musscle).
Lineage of Asian Carp
Asian Carp are native to Eurasia (Asian Carp, National Invasive). Cyprinidae from a Greek
root consist of carps the true minnows and their relatives the barbs and barbles with over 2,400 species in
freshwater its members are also known as cyprinids (Cyprinidae, Wikepedia).
8 types of Asian Carps:
Only some are invasive indicated by **

grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)**
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

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




common carp (Cyprinus carpio) Sometimes called Eurasian carp, because they're found
in Europe and most of Asia.
silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)**
largescale silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys harmandi)
bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis)**
black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus)**
common goldfish (Carassius auratus)
crucian carp (Carassius carassius)
mud carp (Cirrhinus molitorella)
(Asian Carp, Wikipedia)
Pathways of introduction
Where did these carp come from and how were they introduced into the water systems of North
America? What is myth and what is fact?
One of the largest and ongoing myths of the introduction of Asian Carp is the myth that the
Asian Carp invasion started in Arkansas in a fish farm after a large flood swept them away into the
river systems of the Mississippi River (Lam, Tina, Asian Carp: US).
The fact is, a fish farmer brought three Asian Carp into America but instead of going to a fish
farm in Arkansas they went to the government (Lam, Tina, Asian Carp: US) Government agencies
spawned these new fish and used them as a cheaper alternative to tuna. They also brought them to
sewage lagoons as an alternative to chemicals (Lam, Tina, Asian Carp: US). Many of these
government fish breeding places were not looked upon as anything to be worried about. They were
not considered an invasive species in the 1970s and 1980s and the Asian Carp were sent to fish
farmers who were free to do with the fish what they wanted. Farmers were encouraged to raise
bighead carp as a cash crop (Lam, Tina, Asian Carp: US). Later when the species of carp was
deemed invasive all these farmers were blamed for breeding the carp and letting them loose, but it
was really the result of very loose handling of the fish. The Asian Carp minnows were used for
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fishing bait and many fisherman let the minnows go in the water after they were done fishing. The
fish farmers did not closely watch the fish or what waters they got into because they were no threat
and were just another fish to eat. Altogether not enough caution was taken when handling where the
Asian Carp were let loose in the water.
Types of Asain Carp
Bighead carp
The Bighead feed on organisms such as blue green algae, zooplankton, and aquatic insects
usually near the surface of rivers. Bighead carp have been observed schooling with paddlefish
because they feed on the same food types. This species is also in direct competition with
bigmouth buffalo, gizzard shad and all larval and juvenile fishes and native mussels (What do)
(See Figure C).
Figure C: Figure C shows a picture of what an adult Big Head Carp looks like.
http://fishing.about.com/od/carp/l/blbrbigheadcarp.htm
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Black carp
Black carp have hardened gill rakers that are used in crushing shells of mollusks snails and
mussels and crustaceans, the primary food of the black carp. Once established, this species of
carp may help to destroy our already threatened freshwater mussel and snail populations. The
black carp is also known to feed on zebra mussels (What do) (See Figure D).
Figure D: Figure D shows what an adult Black Carp would look like.
http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/factsheet.aspx?SpeciesID=573
Grass carp
Grass carp are capable of consuming many pounds of vegetation a day and compete for food
with crayfish, fish and ducks. Grass carp can cause significant changes in phytoplankton and
invertebrate communities, interfere with reproduction of other fish, modify habitat by destroying
vegetation and water quality. (What do) (See Figure E).
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Figure E: Figure E shows a picture of what a Grass Carp would look like.
http://blogs.houstonpress.com/hairballs/2011/06/grass_carp_hydrilla.php
Silver carp
This fish is a very proficient feeder which uses gill rakers that are fused into sponge-like porous
plates. The silver carp can consume two or three times their weight in plankton each day.
Because of its diet, the silver carp is in direct competition with all native fish larvae and juveniles,
adult paddlefish, bigmouth buffalo, gizzard shad, and native mussels. (What do) (See Figure F).
Figure F: Figure F shows a picture of what an adult Silver Carp looks like.
http://mri.usd.edu/watertrail/FieldGuide/fish.html
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Natural Predators to the Asian Carp
The only two known predators of the adult Asian Carp live in the Yangzi River in China. These
include the Giant Chinese Paddlefish and a species of freshwater dolphin that were known to prey on the
adult asian carp (Asian Carp Control). The dolphin that preys on the asian carp naturally is the Yangtze
River dolphin also called Baiji. This rare dolphin is thought to be extinct now from overfishing and is
listed on the Critically Endangered list of species (Yangze River Dolphin). (See figure G)
The other known predator to the adult Asian Carp are Giant Chinese Paddlefish. These are the
world’s largest freshwater fish if they are still present in the ecosystem and they grow up to 23
feet (Asain Carp Control). They inhabit the waters of the Yangzi River in China and they can weigh up
to a half a ton (Lovgren, Stefan, World’s). Unlike the paddlefish in the US rivers these Giant Chinese
Paddlefish have teeth and prey on other fish. (Asian Carp Control). (See Figure H)
Figure G: Figure G shows the Baiji dolphin, one of the natural predators of the Asian Carp.
http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1651819,00.html
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Figure H: Figure H shows what the Giant Chinese Paddlefish that naturally preys on Asian Carp
looks like. http://news.bbc.co.uk/earth/hi/earth_news/newsid_8269000/8269414.stm
Predators of the Asian Carp in the States
Fully grown Asian Carp have no predators in the water systems of the States, but juvenile and baby
carp have many predators such as eagles, white pelicans, and largemouth bass. (Asian Carp Control).
Special Asian Carp Bodily Functions
Asian Carp have a body structure that differs with many fish because they do not have
teeth. The teeth they posses are called pharyngeal teeth (Asian Carp, US Fish and Wildlife).
(See Figure I) Pharyngeal teeth are opposing teeth that are found in patches along the gill arches.
Arches are bony supports that serve as attachment points for gill filaments and gill rakers (Asian
Carp, US Fish and Wildlife). These pharyngeal teeth allow the fish to make chewing motions
against a chewing plate formed by a procession of the skull (Cyprinid, Wikipedia).
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Figure I: Figure I is a picture of pharyngeal teeth, two plates that have a crushing ability but are
not true teeth. http://www.rondeauprovincialpark.ca/2011/08/the-fishy-conundrum/
Asian Carp do not have a true stomach which allow them to constantly eat (Big Head
Carp). Many Asian Carp can consume up to 40% of their body weight in plankton every day
(Battling Back). Asian Carp can weigh up to 150 pounds and eat constantly (Battling Back).
This body plan for the Asian Carp allows them to eat as much as they can, and grow as fast as
possible.
Special Adaptations of the Asian Carp
Why do people refer to the Asian Carp as the “flying fish” or the fish that jumps out of
the water. When people hear about the “flying fish” it is only one species of Asian carp that are
being refered to, the Silver carp. Its ability to leap up to 3m into the air when startled nicknamed
the ‘flying carp’ for this activity. Boaters, jet-skiers and fishermen have all encountered
problems with the fish (Coutsides, Stellio, Flying Carp). The carps have caused massive injuries
when jumping onto boats and even have hurt some fisherman have been injured by collisions
with the fish. The Silver carp have become notorious for being easily frightened by boats and
personal watercraft, which causes them to leap high into the air. The fish can jump up to 8–10
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feet (2.5–3 m) into the air, and numerous boaters can be injured (Coutsides, Stellio, Flying Carp).
The vibrations in the water from the boat scare the fish and they jump (Asian Carp, Wikipedia).
This ability of jumping was an adaption that the Asian Carp in the United States have, but back
in their home waters in Asia, the Asian Carp do not jump out of the waters.
Spawning habits of the Asian Carp
Asian Carp require large, low gradient, turbid rivers to complete their life cycle (Aitkin, J.
Kevin, General). Asian Carps are known for swimming together in groups and migrating together.
Spawning happens as soon as the water starts to warm and takes place in turbid waters. The post
spawning adults do not die after spawning but they return up river (Aitkin, J. Kevin, General). Eggs
hatch in the flowing river and the larvae move into slow moving calmer small bodies of water.
Bighead carp become sexually mature at 5 to 7 years, black carp at 6 to 11 years, grass carp at 4 to 7
years, and silver carp at 4 to 6 years of age in temperate regions (Nico et al. 2005; Schofield et al.
2005). Eggs are semi buoyant and presumably require flow (Temporal and Spatial) The eggs must
be kept above the water and must not sink into the water or else they die (Open Lake Waters).
Female Asian carp may produce over one million eggs in one season and prefer to
spawn in the flowing waters of large rivers (Asian Carp, Sea Grant). (See Figure J) Asian carp in
general do not guard their eggs once they are layed (Asian Carp, Wikipedia). Bighead and silver
carp often hybridize in the wild; the hybrids are fertile and often backcross (Chapman, Duane C,
Facts).
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Figure J: Is a mass of eggs that came from one Female Asian Carp from the Illinois River.
http://www.ifishillinois.org/asiancarp/tuespm/Chapman.pdf
Combating the Asian Carp Invasion
What is Edna?
eDNA is a new method of locating and monitoring a species of animals. It is a method of
testing made be the University of Notre Dame (Battling Back). eDNA stands for environmental
DNA testing (eDNA tests). eDNA tests are texts done with chemicals that test for presence of DNA
of Asian Carp in the water. They do not say how big the population or where they are in the water
but they indicate the presence of the species in a specific area (Asian Carp and eDNA). eDNA
testing is a new but a scientifically accepted method of screening water samples for genetic material
originating from an aquatic animal's mucus or excrement (eDNA tests indicate). The presence of
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species can be detected by filtering water samples, and then extracting and amplifying short
fragments of the shed DNA (Lodge, David M, Risk).
Methods of controling the Asian Carp Population
Kill them with Poison
Rotenone is a chemical that is considered dangerous and chemically toxic. Rotenone is a
slow-acting poison which interferes with the electron-transport system in the mitochondria. It
acts as both a contact and stomach poison (Material Fact Sheets). Rotenone is derived from
several tropical and subtropical plants in the bean family (Battling Asian Carp). Rotenone is a
way of removal of the Asian Carp that is very effective. Rotenone affects all gill-breathing
organisms and if used in the right doses does not have any know bad effects on humans (Battling
Asian Carp). Rotenone is considered an emergency tool to use against the Asian Carp and will
not be used regularly or at any high concentrations.
Other uses for Rotenone include insect control, for lice and tick control on pets and in
general are used as a pesticide (Material Fact Sheets). The bad side effects of Rotenone include
the deaths of channel catfish, and rainbow trout which are both very receptacle to Rotenone
(Material Fact Sheets).
(See Figure K)
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Figure K: Figure K shows the organic make up of the chemical Rotenone.
http://www.alanwood.net/pesticides/rotenone.html
Electric Barrier Fences
Electric barriers are designed and operated to change an animal’s behavior. Electric barriers
are used for control of invasive species, for clearing fish from turbine raceways and intakes, and for
collecting runs to allow separating of fish species (What does). An Electric barrier can be calibrated
for the size of the fish. Electric barriers work to channel fish in a direction. They do not directly
shock the fish but they but they but an electric field in the water that the fish do not want to swim in
(What Does).
Fish have very sensitive touch to the water around them. They feel small changes in the
water with a body structure called a lateral line. (See Figure L) Fish use it to detect depth and water
pressure, prey, predators, current movement, orientation in the current, as well as to avoid collisions
(Lateral Line). The lateral line system is a collection of small neuromasts located on the skin or just
under the skin in fluid-filled canals on the head and body of all fishes. Parts of the lateral organ are
modified into electroreceptors, which are organs used to detect electrical impulses. The hair cell
allows the fish to feel vibrations in the water and feel slight changes in the water (Lateral Line).
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Figure L: Figure L shows the Lateral line in a fish that runs down the side of a fish. The Lateral line
detects small vibrations and changes in the water.
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/3409/Lateral-line-system-of-a-fish
Electric Barriers are very successful in keeping many fish out of areas because of the
sensitive lateral lines that fish have that detect electrical impulses.
Other means of controlling Asian Carp include:
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Commercial harvesting below places where electric barrier is
Waterway separation measures separate the great lakes and the Mississippi River basin
Research monitor movement and movement patterns of carp
Environmental Deoxyribonucleic Acid: refining eDNA to monitor Asian carp
Enforcement Measures: try to limit the transport of Asian carp
Funding for this protection
And awareness of the carp
(Asian Carp Regional Coordinating Committee)
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Where are they now?
Silver Carp
This map shows the most current update on the loction of the Silver Carp, the bulk of the Silver
Carp are found in the Illinois River and Mississippi River. The Silver Carp filter feed on
plankton and can hybridize with the Big Headed Carp. They also are famous for jumping out of
the water and even injuring boaters.
http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/factsheet.aspx?speciesID=549
Big Headed Carp
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This map shows the most updated location of the Big Headed Carp, The Big Headed Carp. The
bulk of the Bigheaded Carp are found in the Illinois and Mississippi river, and Missouri River.
These Carp eat plankton and can hybridize with the Silver Carp.
http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/factsheet.aspx?SpeciesID=551
Grass Carp
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This map shows the most current places where Grass Carp are found. Grass Carp are the most
spread out of the invasive Asian Carp and have made it to the Great Lakes Michigan, Erie,
Huron, and Ontario. Many solutions have been made to get Grass Carp out of the Great Lakes.
(See Figure M) http://oklahomainvasivespecies.okstate.edu/grass_carp.html
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Figure M: Figure M illistrates the DNR’s plan to evacuate the Grass Caro out of Lake Michigan.
Several waterways have been shut down or blocked. http://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,4570,7153-10364_52261_54896-232231--,00.html
Black Carp
Black Carp are the least spread of the invasive Asian Carp and are mostly found in the Illinois
River and the Mississippi river.
http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/factsheet.aspx?SpeciesID=573
How indanger are the Great Lakes?
Are the Asian Carp as much of a threat as we thought them to be? The big scare is that
these Asian Carp will eventually take over the Great Lakes and uproot entire ecosystems in the
Lakes. In reality the Asian Carp are not very suited for the Great Lakes.
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Lake Michigan, quagga mussels have eaten 80% of the plankton the Asian carp would
depend on for food (Lam, Tina, Asian Carp: How Deadly).
In Erie the carp might be able to grow for six months of the year (Lam, Tina, Asian Carp:
How Deadly). It is the warmest of the Great Lakes and is the most livable for Asian Carp, but it
does not have a good place for spawning as Lake Erie has very stagnant waters.
In Lake Superior Asian Carp may only be able to survive two months as the water drops
below 59 degrees the fish will lose weight in colder months of the year because it's too cold for
them to feed, and their sexual organs will atrophy (Lam, Tina, Asian Carp: How Deadly). Lake
Superior is not liveable in for many fish as it is too cold for them to live. Lake Superior is, by
surface area, the world's largest freshwater lake and is described as "the most oligotrophic lake in
the world" (Linder, Douglas O. Lake Superior Facts). Lake Superior also freezes over every
year, and this freeze up would not suit the living conditions of the Asian Carp. And Lake Huron
and Lake Ontario are also too cold for optimum conditions for Asian Carp. erior has been
Asian Carp need small tributaries and warm water for their children to survive, and they
need flowing water to spawn in that travels to tributaries and shallow water. The Great Lakes do
not provide the shallow waters and baby Asian Carp would not be able to live in these waters.
Lake Superior is not going to be taken over by Asian Carp at all since it is too cold. Also
because Lake Superior is an oligotrohipc lake that means that there is very little algae content
and low nutrient content. This would be a poor lake for filter feeders like the Big Headed Carp
and the Silver Carp to live in. Grass Carp would not thrive with such low nutrience and
vegitation. Black Headed Carp may not have enough to eat in the Great Lakes.
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Although Grass Carp have been in the Great Lakes, they have not taken over the
ecosystem. They control aquatic vegitation and they eat at the herbacious plants. It is not likely
that the Grass Carp will eat out the entire Great Lakes vegitation, but the Grass Carp pose the
greatest threat to the Lakes Currently. Grass Carps are restricted by the breading needs of
flowing warm shallow river waters, and may not reproduce so well in the Great Lakes.
It seems very unlikely the Asian Carp will survive in the Great Lakes. Asian Carp thrive
in the river ecosystems because of the shallow depths in the rivers. The length and shape of the
river must be the right length and shape for spawning to occur (Aitkin, J Kevin, General). There
must also be a flowing water for the eggs to survive, and the eggs must float ontop of the water,
because if they sink they die. The Great Lakes have none of these conditions yet they may yet
survive in the Great Lakes as adult fish and then migrate back to the rivers to spawn.
Conclusion
As the Government has poured in $156 million since 2010 (US to Spend) to control the
Asian Carp it seems very silly that the Asian Carp have been hyped up to this level seeing that
they may not even survive in the Great Lakes. This is a large issue in states, the state rules are
different and each state argues about how much to spend on controling the population of Asian
Carp. Many states want to spend less money and some states want to spend more money. The
states have argued weather they should spent money on poisoning the Asian Carp with rotenone.
Rotenone kills the native fish and Asian Carp as well. The effects of rotenone as a poison are not
fully known in a freshwater ecosystem as it is a pesticide. The rotenone may make the Asian
Carp unedible to human consumpion if the Government continues to poison the waters and it
could lead to serious issues.
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Asian Carp have a good source of protein, they are low in murcury content, and they are
high in Omega fatty 3 acids (Tareen, Sophia, Asian Carp). We as Americans now have a healthy
abundant food source that is healthy and great. Even as a bonus these fish have a high Omega
fatty 3 acid content higher than the normal fish. Omega 3 acids are essential to human health.
The human body does not naturally make Omega 3 (Omega-3) and Omega 3 is essential for the
body to function corretly. Omega-3 fatty acids help reduce inflammation. Typical American
diet tends to contain 14 - 25 times more omega-6 fatty acids than omega-3 fatty acids, which
many nutritionally oriented physicians consider to be way too high on the omega-6 side (Omega-
3). Omega 3 is believed to help patients with the following disorders; high cholesterol,
high blood pressure, heart disease, diabetes, Rheumatoid arthritis, Systemic lupus erythematosus
(SLE), Osteoporosis, depression, bipolar disorder, Schizophrenia, Attention deficit/hyperactivity
disorder (ADHD), Cognitive decline (including Alzheimer's disease), skin disorders,
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Asthma, Macular Degeneration, Menstrual pain, Colon
cancer, Breast Cancer, and Prostate cancer (Omega-3)
Asian Carp should be farmed and researched for their medicinal properties, and should be
incorporated into the diet of Americans. The Government should open jobs to scientists to look
at the ways to use the Omega 3 and for chefs to cook these fish. We can use these fish for
hunger relief for organizations that help other third world countries, and we can also use this
natural resource to help feed the hungry in America. Asian Carp also are great for fertilizer.
Rotenone should not be used and this precious resource although invasive should be very highly
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prized for its wonderful resource. New fishing jobs can be opened and the private farming of
these magnificent fish should continue.
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Columbia Environmental Research Center, May 2010. Web. 29 May 2012.
<http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3033/pdf/FS2010-3033.pdf>.
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<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprinid>.
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<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprinid >.
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mdnr.gov. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, 20 Oct. 2011.
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Acknowledgements:
My mentor Mrs. Ervin helped me throughout my research paper and guided me in the right
direction.
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