Download chapter 15 Atmosphere ppt

The Atmosphere
I can answer questions on
Oceans in Motion to show
understanding on a unit
assessment.
I can answer questions to
check my knowledge before
studying about the Earth’s
atmosphere.
I can identify the
gases in Earth’s
atmosphere.
I can use the scientific
method to evaluate the
effectiveness of various
brands of sunscreens.
Atmosphere
A. _______________--thin layer of air that
protects the Earth’s surface from extreme
temperatures and harmful Sun rays.
solids
B. Atmosperic makeup—mixture of gases,
_______, and liquids.
1. Early atmosphere was much different
than today.
a. Volcanoes produced nitrogen and carbon dioxide,
oxygen
but little ____________.
Simple organisms
b. More than 2 billion years ago _____________
began producing oxygen.
ozone
c. Eventually oxygen formed an __________
layer
that protected Earth from harmful rays.
Green
d. ____________
plants and diverse life forms
developed.
gases
2. Atmospheric _______________
include nitrogen
(78%), oxygen (21%), carbon dioxide, water vapor, and
argon.
a. Atmosphere is changing with the introduction of
pollutants: increasing human energy use is increasing
dioxide
the amount of Carbon
_____________.
b. Pollutants mix with oxygen and other chemicals
to form_________________.
smog
Solids include dust, salt, and
3. ____________
pollen.
Liquids
4. ____________
include water droplets and
droplets from volcanoes.
Five main layers of the atmosphere
C. ________
1. ___________
layers
Lower
a. Lowest layer, where humans live, is
troposphere
the ________________,
which extends about
10 km up, and contains most of the water
vapor and gases.
b. Extending from 10 km to 50 km above
stratosphere contains ozone.
Earth, the _____________
Upper
2. _____________
layers
Mesosphere extends from 50 km to
a. _____________
85 km and is the layer in which meteors are
visible.
b. Thickest part of atmosphere is from 85
km to 500 km and is called the
thermosphere for its high temperatures.
__________________
c. Within the mesosphere and
thermosphere is a layer of charged particles
called the _______________
ionosphere that can help carry
radio waves.
Exosphere
d. _________________--outer
layer of
atmosphere in which the space shuttle flies, has
very few molecules.
D.Atmospheric
_________________--molecules
closer to the
pressure
surface are more densely packed (at higher
pressure) than those higher in the atmosphere
because of the mass of gases pressing down from
higher in the atmosphere.
Temperature in atmospheric layers
E. _____________
1. The troposphere is warmed primarily by
decreases as
the Earth’s surface; temperature ___________
altitude increase in this layer.
increase
2. Temperatures _____________
as altitude
increases in the stratosphere, particularly the
upper portion because ozone absorbs energy
from the sun.
decrease
3. Temperatures ________________
with
altitude in the mesosphere.
4. Thermosphere and exosphere are the first
to receive the Sun’s rays, so they are very
____________.
warm
Ozone layer
F. _____________--about
19 km to 48 km
above Earth in the stratosphere, this layer of
3-atom oxygen molecules protects the Earth
from the Sun’s harmful ultraviolet radiation.
1. Life on Earth, as we know it,
depends
_____________
on it.
chlorofluorocarbons
2. Pollutants called _____________________
are destroying the ozone layer.
refrigerators air
a. CFCs are used in ______________,
conditioners, aerosol sprays, and foam
packaging.
b. If these products develop a leak, CFCs can
atmosphere
enter the __________________.
3. The ozone layer has a large hole over
Antarctica
_________________.
A layer of charged particles located in the
mesosphere and thermosphere
Discussion question: What is
the ionosphere?
A. Some energy from the Sun is reflected back
space
into ________________,
some is absorbed by
atmosphere and some is absorbed by
the _______________,
______________
and water on Earth’s surface.
land
Heat
B. __________--energy
that flows from an
object with a higher temperature to one with a
lower temperature
Radiation
1. _______________--energy
transferred in
rays or waves
Conduction
2. _______________--transfer
of energy
when molecules bump into each other
through contact
Convection
3. _______________--transfer
of heat by the
flow of a material
a. Molecules move closer together,
making the air more dense, and
pressure
____________________
rises.
sinks
b. Cold air ___________,
pushing up
warm air, which then cools and sinks,
pushing up more warm air.
water
C. The _____________
cycle—water moves
back and forth between Earth’s
atmosphere and surface
1. Energy from the Sun causes water to
evaporate
______________________
from the
hydrosphere, and rise as vapor.
2. Water vapor in the atmosphere can
cool and return to liquid form through
condensation
___________________.
a. When water vapor condenses,
droplets
clouds of tiny water ___________
may form.
b. Water droplets collide to form
drops
larger _____________.
3. As water drops grow, they fall back
precipitation
to Earth as ______________.
Radiation
Conduction
Convection
Discussion Question: What are three
ways that heat energy is transferred
through the atmosphere?
Wind
A. ___________
is the movement of air
from an area of high pressure to an
area of lower pressure.
1. Different areas of Earth receive
different amounts of the Sun’s
radiation
_________________.
a. the equator’s warm air,
being less dense, is pushed upward
colder
by denser, ________________
air.
Coriolis effect
2. The _____________________-rotation of the Earth causes moving air
and water to shift to the right, north
of the equator, and to the left, south
of the equator.
B. Global winds—wind patterns,
caused by convection currents
combined with the Coriolis effect,
weather
affect the world’s ____________.
1. Near the equator, very little wind
and daily rain patterns called the
doldrums
________________
2. Surface winds
a. Between the equator and 30
latitude (north and south) are steady
Trade winds blowing to the
_______________,
west.
b. Between 30 and 60 latitude
(north and south) the
Prevailing
westerlies blow to the
____________________
east, in the opposite direction of the
trade winds.
c. _________________
Polar easterlies blow from
northeast to southwest near the north
pole and from southeast to northwest
near the south pole.
3. Upper troposphere—narrow belts of
Jet streams
strong winds called ________________
a. Jet stream moves
faster
______________
in the winter.
b. Moves ______________
systems across
storm
the country
C. Local wind systems—affect
____________
weather.
local
Sea breezes
1. ________________--a
convection
current blows wind from the cooler sea
toward warmer land during the day.
2. ________________--at
night, air
Land breezes
moves off the land toward the water as
the land cools more rapidly than the
water
Rotation of the Earth makes air and water appear
to turn right north of the equator and left south of
the equator
Discussion Question:
What is the Coriolis effect?
troposphere
The _________________
is the layer of the
atmosphere nearest to
Earth’s surface.
doldrums
The ____________ are
windless zones near the
equator.
Condenses into clouds
In the water cycle,
evaporated water
_______.
radiation
____________ is the
transfer of energy by
electromagnetic waves.
ionosphere
Electrically charged particles are found
primarily in the _________.
Prevailing westerlies
The ___________ are
responsible for the
movement of much of
the weather across the
United States.
Exosphere
The ___________
merges into outer
space.
Ultraviolet radiation
Too much exposure to ________ can cause
skin cancer.
Troposphere
Air in the __________
is warmed by heat
from Earth’s surface.
convection
____________ is the
transfer of heat by the
flow of a heated
material.
Coriolis effect
The ___________ is
caused by Earth’s
rotation.
Destroying ozone molecules
Chlorofluorocarbons
destroy the ozone
layer by
______________.
Trade winds
Steady winds between
the equator and 30
latitude north or south
are known as
___________.
Polar easterlies
Air currents that blow
near the north and
south poles are the
________________.
radiation
Reflection and
absorption by the
atmosphere prevent
some ____________
from reaching Earth’s
surface.
The land heats and cools more
quickly than the water
Sea and land breezes
happen because
_____________.
Differences in heating
The distinct wind
patterns on Earth’s
surface are created by
____________ and by
the Coriolis effect.
Very warm
Temperatures in the
thermosphere are
_____________.
Water
___________ is the only substance that exists as
a solid, liquid, and gas in Earth’s atmosphere.
radiation
Transfer of energy
through space
conduction
Transfer of energy
through contact
convection
Transfer of heat
causing differences in
air density
conduction
Transfer of energy
from land and water
to air by direct
contact
radiation
Transfer of energy
from the Sun to
Earth’s surface
nitrogen
Most common gas in
air
smog
Caused when pollutants mix with oxygen and
other chemicals in the presence of sunlight
Water vapor
Zero to four percent
of air
oxygen
21 percent of the
atmosphere
ozone
Normally found in the upper stratosphere