Download OECD Science, technology and industry outlook 2012

Major Current Trends in
Innovation:
The OECD Science, Technology
and Industry Outlook 2014
Dominique Guellec
Head, Country Studies and Outlook Division (DSTI/CSO)
OECD Directorate for Science, Technology and Innovation
OECD STI Outlook: 20-year tradition
• “What’s new in the field
of science, technology
and innovation policy? “
• International review of key
recent trends in STI for the
STI policy community and
analysts
• Based on latest STI policy
information and indicators
• OECD Flagship publication
2
More than a book… An infrastructure for
knowledge sharing and building
Analytical work by
CSTP WP (e.g.
TIP/RIHR)
OECD Committees
(e.g. CIIE)
OECD Directorates
(EDU, STD, CFE)
Country
reviews
Measurement
work
3
The three components of the STI Outlook 2014
OVERALL STI PERFORMANCE AND
POLICY TRENDS
POLICY
PROFILES
COUNTRY
PROFILES
4
European Union:
Benchmarking performance (1)
Normalised index of performance relative to the median values in the OECD area (Index median = 100)
Top/Bottom 5 OECD values
Middle range of OECD values
OECD median
EU28
a. Competences and capacity to innovate
Universities and
public research
R&D and innovation in firms
Innovative
entrepreneurship
200
Top half
OECD
150
100
Bottom half
OECD
50
0
5
European Union:
Benchmarking performance (2)
Normalised index of performance relative to the median values in the OECD area (Index median = 100)
b. Interactions and skills for innovation
ICT and Internet
infrastructures
Networks, clusters
and transfers
Skills for innovation
200
Top half
OECD
150
100
Bottom half
OECD
50
0
6
EU policy mix: self-assessment
Most relevant instruments of public funding of business R&D
Country self-assessment index (9= high and increasing relevance, to 0= not used)
OECD median
EU28
10
Indirect funding
Direct funding
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Competitive Repayable
grants
advances
Debt
financing
Equity
financing
Technology Innovation
consulting
vouchers
Tax
Tax
incentives incentives on
for R&D
IP gains
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Technological orientation
Revealed technology advantage in selected fields, 2009-11
Index based on PCT patent applications
OECD median
EU28
BRIICS
EU28 (2000-03)
2.0
36.8
11.9
8.1
% of PCT patent
applications filed by
universities and PRIs
1.5
Revealed technology advantage in
selected fields, 2009-11
1.0
0.5
0.0
Bio- and nanotechnologies
ICT
Environment-related
technologies
8
Selected key messages
OVERALL STI PERFORMANCE AND
POLICY TRENDS
POLICY
PROFILES
9
Innovation in the crisis
Annual growth rate of GDP and GERD, constant prices, 1993-2013 and projections to 2014 and 2015
Source: OECD Economic Outlook no95 Database, May 2014; OECD Main Science and Technology
Indicators MSTI database, June 2014.
10
A changing global R&D landscape
GERD, million USD 2005 PPP, 2000-12 and projections to 2024
Source: OECD estimates based on OECD MSTI database, June 2014.
11
Diverging Europe
National R&D spending targets and gap with current levels of GERD intensity, % of GDP, 2014
Source: OECD estimates based on OECD MSTI database, June 2014.
12
Budgets are levelling off or receding…
Public R&D budgets (GBAORD), as % of GDP, 2013 compared to 2011
Source: OECD estimates based on OECD MSTI database, June 2014.
13
Public
research
funding:
Striving for
Excellence
Government funds a large share of publicly
performed R&D (USD 400 bn in 2012)
(2010: 71% of HERD and 93% of GOVERD in the OECD )
GOVERD
100%
90%
80%
70%
HERD
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
% GOVERD financed by government
Source:
OECD
Research
and
Development
Database,
2013
Source:
OECD
Research
and
Development
Database,
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986
1985
1984
1983
1982
1981
0%
% HERD financed by government
15
Promoting Research Excellence: New
Approaches to Funding
Research funding
mechanisms
Institutional core
funding
 Basic funding
guaranteed mid- to
long-term
 Not dependent on
applications
 Various means of
assigning budgets,
including performancebased elements
REI funding
 Organised in
programmes
 Focus on exceptional
research quality
 System-level
perspective (i.e.
national science
landscape)
 Frequent reference to
socio-demographic
issues
Project funding
 Time-bound
 Application-based
 Competitively
organised
 Outcome-oriented
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Performance-based funding for public
research in tertiary education institutions
• Scope:
– Experts commissioned to investigate models, indicators and impacts
– Questionnaire survey completed by 13 countries
• Key findings:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Most schemes introduced since 2000
Main rationale: raise quality of research; but also others
Assessments commonly used for several rounds of annual funding
Open disclosure of processes and results in most countries
Similarities in indicators used: 3rd party income, publications, degree
completions; differences in combinations and weighting, reliance on quantitative
indicators and peer review, and use of additional indicators
Differences in budget impacts of schemes: while difficult to compare across
countries, annual block funding affected ranges from 6% to 75%
Differences in the involvement of HEIs in designing schemes
Few formal evaluations of schemes – evidence suggests positive effects on
research outputs and research management
Negative and unintended consequences also highlighted: e.g. narrowing of
research focus on publications targeted at certain journals
Performance-based funding for public research
in tertiary education institutions (2010)
For further reading…
www.oecd.org/sti/outlook
www.innovationpolicyplatform.org
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