Download Earth Science Geology

Earth Science Geology
Dynamic Earth Review
Name __Key___________
Date______________
Class______________
Directions: Please use your notes, work sheets, and “schoolnotes page” links
to complete the following. These are the concepts you should be most
familiar with and should study for the summative.
The date of the summative is _May 30________________!
Crust – two types – Continental and Oceanic –
1. Layers and make-up of the Earth: Continental is less dense (granite) – floats higher on the
Mantle, Oceanic is more dense (basalt) – All crust is
a. label and describe!
high in silicon, a low density mineral, Difference
between basalt and granite is the size of the crystal –
basalt cools fast – small crystals, granite cools slowly –
larger crystals
Mantle – plastic-like; convection currents
occur here; high in iron (Fe) – very dense
Outer core – Very dense Nickel (Ni) and Iron
(Fe) – Mostly fuid-like – high pressure HOT
Inner Core – Pressure causes core to be
VERY HOT and solid – Composed of Ni and
Fe. Causes Magnetic poles
b. What are the minerals that make up each layer?
Crust – silicates – Silicon and Oxygen
Mantle – Iron, Magnesium, Silicon, Oxygen
Core – Iron, nickel
2. Plate Tectonics: What is it? Why is it important? Plate Tectonics
explains that the Earth is made up of rigid slowly moving pieces or
plates. The plates are a combination of the Crust and the
Lithosphere. There are 8 major plates and many minor plates.
a. What landforms can we find at each type of boundary and what
type of motion do we see?
b. Divergent:
Mid-Ocean Ridge – creates new
plate material – Occurs between the
N. American plate and the Eurasia
Plate. Magma bubbles up between
plates push the plates apart. The
older material is found further away
from the ridge. Minor Earthquakes
Rift Valley, creates mountain
due to volcanic activity, occurs
where two continental plates are
spreading apart. The only one
we have currently is between
the African plate and the
Arabian Plate. Earthquakes and
volcanoes occur here.
c. Convergent:
Subduction of Oceanic plate occurs –
Oceanic plate is more dense than
continental; trenches re formed where
the plate goes under. Behind the
subduction zone you commonly find
volcanic mountains. – Example:
found where the Nazca plate subducts
under the S. American Plate. Deep
earthquakes, Strato-Volcanoes –
Pyroclastic.
Subduction of one oceanic plate
under another – trenches with
volcanic islands are formed –
example – Pacific plate subducting
under the Indo-Australian Plate. –
Deep Earthquakes and volcanoes
Colliding plate do not subduct due
to the density of the crust material
(mantle pushes them up); folding
occurs here; mountains are created;
lots of granite; Example: Arabian
plate and Eurasian Plate –
Himalayan mountains.
Earthquakes are common here.
d. Transform:
Faulting occurs here as plates
slide past each other. Friction
holds the plates together for a
period of time and then they
move suddenly past each other.
Major damage can be seen on soft
ground – Example – Haiti
(Caribbean plate and S. American
plate)
c. Is there evidence of plate tectonics in Connecticut? Where? Give
specific evidence! The Western part of the state was part of a collision zone
millions of years ago, creating enormous mountains. The Central CT valley was a
rifting zone and nearly became to location of the Atlantic Ocean. For some reason
this rifting stopped and moved to the East. This created the valley we live in.
3. Pangaea:
a. What is it? – A large super continent that existed millions of
years ago – there may have been other supercontinents as well.
b. What evidence do we have that it really existed? – We have
fossil evidence, glacial evidence, and we can see that the shape
of the continents fit together a bit like a puzzle.
c. What does this map tell us? This map shows fossil and shape
evidence for Pangaea.
4. Sea-floor Spreading and continental drift:
a. What is it? The process of tectonic plates moving apart and
creating new oceanic plate material.
b. What evidence it there? Older plate materials occur further from
the zone.
c. What does this diagram tell us? That the North American and
Euraisian plates are moving further away from each other. Zone A is
older than Zone B. This part of the plates is getting larger.
d. What does this graph tell us? That the crust further from the
Atlantic ridge is older than the crust closest to the Mid-Atlantic ridge.
5. Earthquakes and Volcanoes: Please fill in the chart!
Question
What causes them?
Earthquakes
Friction of two plates
moving past each other.
Plates ‘pop’ past each
other – pressure
release
Volcanoes
Crust materials in the
Mantle floats to the top
of the lithosphere –
pressure builds and the
fluid crust
Where are they most
likely found?
At any plate boundary –
some are deep
earthquakes, some are
more shallow
Destructive or
constructive force?
Destructive
Found at a convergent
boundary – Oceanic or
at a hot spot (an
opening in the crust
away from a plate
boundary.)
Volcanoes are both
constructive and
destructive – they
create new land while
Quick or slow force of
nature?
Quick
changing the old land as
well.
Quick
6. Weathering: Fill in the chart with the facts from your reading, labs
and notes!
Chemical
Pollution Acids/acid rain Dissolve the minerals in
rock,
Animal waste /
animal action
Root action
Sand, wind, and rain
Physical
Cause opening in the
rocks where water can
enter and freeze.
Acids from feces and
Animals can burrow
urine break down the
around and in some
minerals in softer rocks. cases into
rocks…allowing water to
seep in and freeze or
carry away some of the
mineral compounds.
Plants secrete weak
Plant roots start out
acids that slowly
small then increase in
weaken/dissolve the
size as the plant grows,
rock.
this pushes the rock
apart causing fractures.
Rain dissolves water
Sand, Wind and rain
soluble minerals
carry smaller sediments
that can cause abrasion
of the rock.
7. Erosion: What is it? The movement of weathered material creating
new landforms
a. Fill in this chart on the 5 causes of Erosion:
Gravity
Water
Wind
Waves
Ice
Sediments Any
Stones,
Small
Sand and
Large
Involved?
sediment
small
sediments small
boulder to
Time
frame?
Types of
landforms
produced
by removal
of the
sediments?
is subject
to the
force of
gravity.
rocks,
small
sediment,
sand
– sand soil,
very small
stones
Takes a
very long
time
Cliffs,
slopes
Takes a
very long
time
Rills,
gullies,
streams,
river,
valleys,
alluvial fan
Takes a
very long
time
Dunes;
loess
Meanders,
oxbow
lakes,
deltas,
Dunes;
loess
Types of
Slopes,
landforms hills
produced
by the
deposit of
the
sediments?
sediments;
is periods
of large
waves
larger rock
can be
moved.
Takes a
very long
time
Sea
arches, sea
caves, sea
stacks,
wave-cut
cliffs
Beaches,
spits
Caused by
longshore
drift
very small
sediments.
Methods –
Plucking
and
abrasion
Takes a
very long
time
Glacial
lakes,
prairie
pothole,
horns,
cirque,
arête, Ushaped
valley,
drumlin
Deposited
till may
create
moraines,
new islands
(think Long
Island),
fjord
b. What are some ways that erosion can be slowed or even prevented?
Planting vegetation, placing heavier material on the lighter sediment (such as
stone or rock
8. Glaciers:
a, How are they formed? Formed when more snow falls than melts so
snow builds up year after year.
b. Five ways they shape the Earth? Plucking, abrasion, deposition,
polishing
c. When were glaciers covering the Northern United Sates? Up to
10,000 years ago glaciers retreated from North America
What evidence of glaciers do you see in Connecticut? Where?
Give specific examples! Long Island sound, CT River Valley, drumlins in
Storrs, random sorting of till at Hammonasset.
d. Glacier vocabulary:
-plucking- as a glacier flows over the land it will pick up rocks that
have broken off under the weight of the glacier
-abrasion- wearing away of rock by sediment on the underside of
the glacier.
-till- mixture of sediment that a glacier deposits directly on the
surface.
-moraine- till deposited at the edge of a glacier on the surface
-kettle – depression that forms when a chunk of ice is left in till
and melts away.
e. Describe calving: the process of a glaciar breaking off the end of a
glaciar into the water. This creates icebergs.
What is the purpose? Provides a source of freshwater, glaciers
house the majority of the water found on Earth
9. Rock Types:
a. What are they made of:
Sedimentary – loosely packed minerals; rock formed under the pressure of
the sediments above; formed layer by layer; layering can bee seen with the
unaided eye
Metamorphic – rock formed under immense pressure; sediment is
compressed until the molecule fuse – these are new rocks; some show
evidence of the original rock type (folding and faulting)
Igneous – rock born of fire – made from cooled magma – rate of cooling
effects density; slow cooling means a less dense rock (granite); faster
cooling is a more dense rock (basalt)
b. Produced 3 ways:
Sedimentary – layers over time; pressure of overlying layers creates rock
Igneous – created by cooling magma
Metamorphic – high pressure – folding and faulting.
c. Give examples of each type:
Igneous – Granite and basalt
Sedimentary – limestone, sandstone, and shale
Metamorphic – marble and slate