Download The History of Ceramics

The History of Ceramic Pottery
Ceramic Timeline
•
•
35,000-7,000 B.C. Paleolithic Age
9500 B.C. Japan, Fired Vessels
6000 B.C. Middle East
4500 B.C. Mesopotamia
4000 B.C. Middle East, The First Cities
3000 B.C. The First Pottery Made in South America
2700 B.C. The First Glaze, Egypt
2655 B.C. Banshan Culture, China
2500-1500 B.C. Jomon Period, Japan
2500 B.C. Wheel Throwing in China
2500--1100 B.C. Minoan Culture, Crete
2000 B.C. First Pottery Made in Middle America
2000 B.C. Glassmaking, Middle East
1600-1100 B.C. Shang Dynasty, China
1500 B.C.-A.D. 300 Formative Period, Middle America
1200-500 B.C. Olmec Culture, Middle America
1100-400 B.C. Chavin Culture, South America
900-500 B.C. Earliest Lead Glazing, Middle East
1000-300 B.C. Classic Shapes, Greek Pottery
700 B.C. Black Figure Technique, Greece
600 B.C. Red Figure Technique, Greece
700-400 B.C. Life-sized Terra Cotta Sculpture, Italy
600 B.C. Tin-Lead Glazes, Middle East
300 B.C.-A.D. 1400 Life-sized Terra Cotta Sculpture, Africa
221-202 B.C. Life-sized Terra Cotta Sculpture, Qin Dynasty,
China
206 B.C.-A.D. 221 Han Dynasty, China
57 B.C.-A.D. 935 Silla Period, Korea
100-700 The Mochia Culture, South America
200 Feldspathic Glazes, Yueh Wae, China
200 B.C.-A.D.476 The Roman Empire, Europe
200-600 Haniwa Figures, Japan
300-980 Classic Period, Teotihuacan, Mexico
618-906 Tang Dynasty, China
632-1150 Early Islamic Wares, Middle East
800-1400 Southwest Indian, North America
950-1035 Mayan Post-Classic Period, Middle America
918-1382 The Koryo Dynasty, Korea
1000 Early Stoneware, Germany
960-1279 The Song Dynasty, China
960-1127 North Song, China
1128-1279 Southern Song, China
1150-1350 Medieval Islamic Period, Middle East
1200-1450 Chimu Culture, South America
1200-1521 The Axtecs, Central America
1450-1550 Inca Culture, South America
1200- Hispano-Moresque Wares, Spain
1556 First Books on Pottery Written, Italy
1230-1600 Tin-glazed Earthenware, Italy
1350-1900 Late Islamic Period, Middle East
1368-1644 The Ming Dynasty, China
1392-1910 Choson Period, Korea
1400-1900 Tea Ceramics, Raku Ware, Japan
1400 Salt-glazed Stoneware, Germany
1500 Tin-glazed Earthenware, France
1500 First Delftware, Holland
1575-1804 Soft-paste Porcelain, Europe
1600-1750 Staffordshire Slipware, England
1616 Arita Ware, Japan
1708 European Porcelain
1644-1912 Ch'ing Dynasty, China
1700-1850 Industrialization of Potteries, Great Britain
1850-1910 The Arts and Crafts Movement, Great Britain
1800-1920 The Arts and Crafts Movement, United States
1895-1905 Art Nouveau, France
1890-Present Pueblo Pottery Revival, United States
1900-1940 The Modern Movement
The Bauhaus School, Germany
The Modern Movement, England
1920's The Studio Potter/Folk Pottery
Mid 1900's Transition to Clay as Art
1946-1953 Pablo Picasso, France
1954-1964 Abstract Expressionism, Otis Influence, United States
Alfred Influence, United States
1960-1970's Funk and Fake Art
Late Twentieth Century Contemporary Clay
Early Twenty-First Century Current Trends
The Basket and the Pot
In
some ancient
communities it is
believed that basket
making lead to the
discovery of clay
pottery.
Functional Art is used
for everyday purposes
Baskets were made
of strong plant
for
tolifemake
life easier.
heavy loads. They
were lined with
animal skins to carry
water.
Functional
Art
The Basket and the Pot
At
some point,
probably before
7000 B.C.,
someone
discovered an
easier, less
wasteful, way to
waterproof a
basket - by
smearing the
inside with a layer
of stiff mud or
clay.
A New “Basket”
No one really knows when
or who first started to use
the new technology of
ceramics, but most
speculate that it was
discovered by some
prehistoric person; perhaps
that person smeared a
basket with clay and set it
too near a fire. When the
basket burned, the clay
hardened. Perhaps it
happened when a home or
village burned.
Earliest Pottery
The Beginnings of Pottery
• Clay animal and fertility figures
found at a site in the Czech
Republic estimated to be around
thirty thousand years old are the
earliest discovered pottery.
• Made of clay and bone ash, this
is the tiny baked clay figurine is
known as the "Venus" of Dolni
Vestonice. It is thought to be
about 29,000 years old and have
been fired in a beehive shaped
kiln in a Stone Age village.
• Ceremonial Art
Ceremonial Art is used
during celebrations,
worship, healing, etc.
Animal Sculptures
Clay sculptures
of bison
discovered in the
Tuc d’ Audobert
Narrative Art is art
Cave in France are
is used to tell
thought tothat
be
about fourteen
stories
thousand years
old.
Narrative Art
East Asia Pottery
• Vast improvements in the process
of creating and decorating pottery
began in the countries of East
Asia, especially China, Japan and
Korea.
• China lead the way with the
development of porcelain and
numerous technical and artistic
innovations that influenced the
world.
• Overall, As pottery making
developed in East Asia, it also
thrived simultaneously in the
Middle East.
Chinese Pottery History
• Advancements from
China in the production
and development of
pottery cannot be
underestimated.
• China’s Earliest Pottery
was first produced in
the yellow river valley in
northern china and the
pottery were simple coil
built earthen ware.
Chinese Pottery History
• The first feldspathic glaze
occurred during the Shang
dynasty and it combined
feldspar and wood ash.
• This produced greenish
pottery.
• In year 907 during the
Tang dynasty there was a
popular style called the
three Tang color which
included more than three
colors.
Chinese Pottery History
• Porcelain reached its
highest development
during the Sung
Dynasty in year 960 to
1280.
• Ting ware during this
period was very
popular: bowls, plates,
jars and pots coated in
ivory glaze and the rims
were branded with
copper.
Discovery of Kaolin
• The Chinese had been
manufacturing porcelain for
many years by the time the
Japanese discovered deposits of
Kaolin clay at Arita on the island
of Kyushu in the early 17th
century. The first Japanese
porcelain, known as Imari ware
and
• This was produced mainly for
export, was decorated in blue
and white.
• By the middle of the 19th century
most pottery in Japan was
produced for export and used
simple designs for mass appeal.
Japanese Pottery History
• Ten Thousand years of Jomon
– The porous, coiled earth ware pottery of Japan
called Jomon spanned more than ten thousand
years, from about 12,000 B.C. to 2000 B.C and is
the oldest carbon dated pottery in the world.
– The term Jomon means cord mark in Japanese and
refers to the distinctive pattern made by pressing
cord on the surface of clay as decoration.
Jomon Continued
• Early Jomon pottery was
dominated by deep vessels that
are flower pot shape.
• Middle Jomon period
decorations included serpents
and other animal heads
wounded around the rims that
some became unbalanced.
• Late Jomon period was
distinguished by deep incising
or grooving that were filled with
cord marks and with burnished
surfaces.
Progress in Japanese Pottery
• The spread of agriculture, the use of primitive
wheel turning in the making of pottery and the
start of metal working characterized the Yayoi
period in Japan (300 B.C. to A.D. 300)
• Yayoi potters created new vessels that were
smoother, more balanced and less porous.
• During the Haniwa or tumulus period( A.D. 200 to
600) clay figures were placed around tombs in
underground burial chambers.
• The Japanese also made progress in firing of
pottery by adopting anagama kilns from the
Koreans and Chinese. Being able to create higher
temperatures was important to the development
of stronger, higher quality pottery.
Buddhism, lead Glaze
and Pottery Centers
• Once Buddhism was
• By the 14th Century pottery
introduced in the sixth
production centers were
century it influenced all
established in locations
aspects of Japanese life.
throughout Japan and each
developed a specialty.
• Chinese lead glaze pottery
became popular in the 7th
• The raku technique was
century and 8th century but
developed at this time and
by 11th centuries the
is still used today to create
Chinese influence declined
very shiny pottery.
and the Japanese pottery
became floral quiet designs.
Porcelain Imari Ware
• The first Japanese
porcelain, known as
Imari ware and by
the middle of the
19th century most
pottery in Japan was
produced for export
and used simple
designs for mass
appeal.
Korean Pottery History
• A distinctive form of
Korean ware from the
rest of Asia in an inlay
technique known a
Mishima.
• Here you pierced the
clay then glazed black
and white under
celadon glaze.
The Near and Middle East
The Near and Middle East
• This includes the
countries of
Mesopotamia now
(Iraq), Persia now (Iran),
Syria, Anatolia now
(Turkey) and Egypt.
• All of the earliest forms
of pottery from this
region are simple,
coiled vases.
The Near and Middle East
Fired
clay
figurine about 2.5
inches high. Made
about 7000 BC.
from Tepe Sarab a
prehistoric village
site in Western
Iran.
The Near and Middle East
This
tiny fired
clay image of a
wild boar
c.7000 BC. was
also from Tepe
Sarab in Iran
The Near and Middle East
Enthroned
goddess in baked
clay. c.5500 BC.
Possibly giving
birth. Two leopardlike heads on either
side. - Çatal Hüyük
- Anatolia Turkey.
The Near and Middle East
• Ancient Cultures in Mesopotamia made 2
distinct types of pottery:
1. Bowls and rounded jars with plain engraved
line patterns
2. Vessels called Samarra ware with decoration
painted on.
The Near and Middle East
•Samarra
ware
had painted
geometric
patterns as well
as human/animals
in red/black
around 5000 B.C.
•Halfa type dish
found at
Arpachiyah North
Iraq c.5000 BC.