Download Unit 1 PowerPoint - Stamford High School

Basic Geographical
Concepts
1st Unit of the AP Curriculum
Basic Terms
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Geography
Human Geography
Physical Geography
Map
Place
Region
Scale
Space
Connections
Maps
• Term: Cartography
• Reasons for Mapmaking:
– Reference Tool
– Communication Tool
Maps
• Ancient Western Cartographers – Aristotle (4th cent. B.C.) – spherical world
– Eratosthenes (3rd cent. B.C.) – “geography”
– Ptolemy (2nd cent. A.D.) – Roman mapmaking
• little European mapmaking advances until Age of
Exploration (late 15th cent. A.D.)
Maps
• Eastern Map Makers:
– Phei Hsiu (Fei Xiu) (3rd cent. A.D.) – “father of
Chinese cartography”
– Al-Idrisi (12th cent. A.D.) – Muslim
geographer – drew world map
– Ibn-Battutah (14th cent. A.D.) – Rihlah
(Travels) book describing Muslim world (Afr.,
Eur., Asia)
Maps
• Gerladus Mercator (16thc. CE) – modern
world map (“the map” for centuries)
• Abraham Ortelius (16thc. CE) – Flemish
Cartographer, created early world map
• Bernhardus Varenius (17thc.CE) –most
continents and oceans displayed correctly
in his Geographica Generalis
Scale
• 3 types of scale
– 1. ratio/fraction – 1:24,000 OR 1/24,000
– 2. written – “1 inch equals 1 mile”
– 3. graphic – bar line (ex: road maps)
• If you want details – close up view (1:10,000)
• If you want trends – farther view (1:10,000,000)
• Google Maps - For Scale
Projection
• All projections lead to distortions,
particularly with larger scale maps
• types of distortions:
– 1. shape
– 2. distance
– 3. relative size
– 4. direction
Projection
• Equal Area Projections
• [pros & cons?]
Projection
• Uninterrupted projections
– Robinson Projection
• [pros & cons?]
Projections
• Mercator Projection
• [pros & cons?]
Projections
• The West Wing
U.S. Land Ordinance of 1785
• Organized structure of land development
• used to settle most of western U.S. into
Townships (6 square miles)
• began in “Old NW” (current Midwest)
• 1785 Land Ordinance Diagram
Ways Geographers Gather Info.
Remote Sensing
– Pictures taken from above Earth’s crust (usually
in satellites) http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/
– http://mashable.com/2013/08/26/space-photossatellite/#gallery/x-amazing-satellite-imagesfrom-space/5234f9ff12d2cd4bd0002fd5
Ways Geographers Gather
Info.
GPS (Global Positioning System)
– Precise location
– Navigation primary purpose
– Surveillance?
– Used in GIS
Ways Geographers Gather
Info.
GIS (Geographic Information System)
– Super-accurate maps w/ diff. layers
– Used to study relationships b/t diff. data
sets
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a8RhDp
uLPl0
– Google Earth
http://www.google.com/earth/explore/show
case/
Another GIS
ARC View GIS
Food and Environment Atlas:
http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/food-environmentatlas/go-to-the-atlas.aspx#.UkI7JFNc_7k
ArcGIS from ESRI, Featured Maps:
http://www.arcgis.com/home/gallery.html
Place
• Location
– Can be identified in 4 ways:
1. Place Name (Toponym)
• How do places get their names?
• Mianus, CT; Hooker Point, FL; Slickpoo, ID; Suckerville,
ME; Hell, MI, TruthorConsequences, NM; Monkey’s
Eyebrow, KY; Phuket, Thailand; Intercourse, PA
2. Site
• What physical characteristics can a place have?
Place
3. Situation
• Site vs. Situation of place
– Site (New Orleans below sea level)
– Situation (New Orleans on the mouth of the Mississippi
and Gulf of Mexico)
4. Mathematical Location
• Meridians
• Parallels
Place
• Location (A few more concepts):
– Absolute location
• latitude/longitude
• Benefits of GPS
• NEVER changes (in your life time)
– Relative location
• Location determined by what is closest around you
• Demonstrates focal points of the people
• Constantly changing
Region
• Terms:
– Cultural Landscape
– Regional Studies
Region
• Types of Regions:
1. Formal Region: uniform area with common
characteristics
2. Functional Region: area organized around a
focal point
3. Vernacular Region: area that people believe
exists as part of the cultural identify
• Mental maps  demonstrate “activity space”
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NGVSIkEi3mM
Region
• Term:
– Spatial Association
– Culture – define?
• What People Care About
• What People Take Care Of
Culture
• What People Care About:
– Beliefs, Values, Ideas
• Significance?
– Language
– Religion
– Ethnicity
Culture
• What People Take Care Of:
– Food, Clothing, Shelter, Political Institutions
– MDC
– LDC
Cultural Ecology
• Cultural Ecology – Human-Environment
Interaction
– Environmental Determinism:
• Humbolt and Ritter (18c. Germany)
• Physical Environment determines social
development
– Possiblism:
• With some limitations, people can adjust the
environment
– Resources
Cultural Ecology
• Physical Processes
1.
2.
3.
4.
Climate
Vegetation
Soil
Landforms
Cultural Ecology
• Climate:
– Vladimir Koppan System
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A: Tropical
B: Dry
C: Warm-Middle Latitude
D: Cold – Middle Latitude
E: Polar
Cultural Ecology
• Vegetation (Biomes):
– A: Forest
– B:Savanna
– C: Grassland
– D: Desert
Cultural Ecology
• Soil:
– Thin interface between air and rock (dirt and
nutrients)
– 12 orders, with subdivisions = 12,000 types of
soil (US Comprehensive Soil Classification)
• Landforms:
– Geomorphology
• Modification – examples?
Environmental Modification
• Case Study:
• The Netherlands
• Florida
• Before the Levees Break: A Plan to Save the Netherlands
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http://www.wired.com/science/planetearth/magazine/17-01/ff_dutch_delta
• Assignment Earth: Florida Everglades dying of thirst
(June 24, 2010)
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http://www.mnn.com/earth-matters/wilderness-resources/videos/assignment-earthflorida-everglades-dying-of-thirst
Environmental Modification
Thinking Critically:
• After viewing the two clips, construct a
response to the following question that
includes examples/details from each clip;
– When earthquakes, hurricanes, or other
environmental disasters strike, humans tend to
“blame” nature and see themselves as innocent
victims of a harsh and cruel nature. To what
extent do environmental hazards stem from
unpredictable nature, and to what extent do they
originate from human actions? Should victims
blame nature, other humans, or themselves for
the disaster? Why?
From Local to Global
• Terms:
– Globalization
• Of Economies- more uniform, integrated,
interdependent
– Transnational Corporations
Globalization and Glocalization
Bangalore, India, March 2012
From Local to Global
• Terms:
– Globalization
• Of Culture - more uniform, integrated,
interdependent
– Connection to technology
– Connection to global economy
– Results?
» Conflict – tensions between local and global forces
From Local to Global
• Lorde – Royals
Distribution of Features
• Term:
– Distribution
• 3 Main Properties:
1. Density
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Arithmetic
Physiological
Agricultural
2. Concentration
3. Pattern
Distribution of Features
• Gender and Ethnic Diversity in Space
– Use and distribution of space by gender,
ethnicity, race
• Not biological, but artificial constructs
• Space-Time Compression
– Technology
– Connection to Diffusion
– Spatial Interaction
• History until 1800 vs Today
• Distance Decay
Diffusion
• Cultural hearth – origin of a particular cultural trait
• Diffusion
• Two Types
1. Expansion
• Stays strong in the core
2. Relocation
• Gets weaker in the core
Kinds of Expansion Diffusion
1. Hierarchal Diffusion – spread of an idea
through an established structure usually from
people or areas of power down to other
people or areas
– Urban areas to other urban areas and then spread
to surrounding areas
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Rap music
High-end fashion trends
– Wealthy people to middle class to lower class
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Any technological invention
This is a map of the diffusion of
_______?
Expansion Diffusion
2. Contagious Diffusion – spread of an
idea/trait/concept through a group of people or
an area equally without regard to social class,
economic position or position of power.
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Flu epidemic
Gossip in school??
Your book says information on the web is
Contagious… do you agree???
Diagram of Contagious Diffusion
• ‘A’ is a diagram of
contagious diffusion.
Notice virtually all
‘adopt.’
• ‘B’ is a diagram of
hierarchical diffusion.
Notice the leapfrogging
over some areas.
Expansion Diffusion
• Stimulus Diffusion – the spread of an underlying
principle even though the new groups “remix”
your idea
OR
• Stimulus Diffusion - involves the transfer of an
underlying concept or idea, without the specific
accompanying traits due to some cultural or
other barrier to the movement of the idea
Stimulus Diffusion ex. (Michael Ayres)
• McDonald’s in India  “Maharaja Mac”
• Sesame Street  OVER 30 Countries have adopted
principles of this show
Coca Cola and its
different tastes
around the world
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1VM2eL
hvsSM
Maharajah Mac
Bangalore, India, March, 2012
http://www.buzzfeed.com/eing6888/check-out-this-new-mcdonalds-promotionalmenu-in-77we McDonald’s new menu in Thailand.
McDonald’s commercials from a global perspective:
http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/culture-lifestyle/food-drink/130709/10amazing-mcdonalds-commercials-international
The World According to
Sesame Street
http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/worldaccordingtosesamestreet/
RELOCATION DIFFUSION
Sequential diffusion process in which the items
being diffused are transmitted by their carrier
agents as they evacuate the old areas and
relocate to new ones. The most common
form of relocation diffusion involves the
spreading of innovations by a migrating
population.
Relocation and Expansion – In
Review
• ‘A’ is relocation diffusion as
the person goes.
• ‘B’ is expansion diffusion
as the idea/trait moves or
transports.
AIDS and Relocation Diffusion
• Some authors suggest AIDS diffuses through
relocation diffusion. This is true by the fact that
the diffusers “take” the disease with them.
However, AIDS is not contracted by everyone in
its path. More importantly, the pattern of AIDS
diffusion is more classically hierarchal (and
therefore expansion).
Migrant Diffusion (a form of Relocation
Diffusion?)
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1. Idea enjoys strong, (perhaps brief,) adoption
in hearth
2. Idea travels elsewhere (& thrives)
3. Idea fades out back in the hearth
Ex. Disco in Egypt
Ex. “Baywatch” in Europe
Ex. Communism
Ex. Old cars
MR. KELLER’s HAIR!
One more look…Wal-Mart as both
___________ and __________diffusion –
WHY?
Diffusion of Wal-Mart, Target
and Costco
What type(s) of diffusion?
Interactive maps of the evolution of retail from Flowing Data:
Wal-Mart: http://flowingdata.com/2010/04/07/watching-the-growth-of-walmart-now-with100-more-sams-club/
Target: http://projects.flowingdata.com/target/
Costco: http://projects.flowingdata.com/costco/
BARRIERS TO DIFFUSION
• CULTURAL BARRIERS
• Some practices, ideas, innovations are not
acceptable/adoptable in a particular culture
• Cultural taboos e.g. pork, alcohol,
contraceptives
• PHYSICAL BARRIERS
• Physical barriers on the surface may
prohibit/inhibit adoption
• Not as relevant today b/c of technology
• TIME-DISTANCE DECAY
• Farther from the source & the more time it
takes, the less likely innovation adopted (more
likely the same trait will develop differently)
• Technology makes this less important
Distance Decay Graph
• Learn to think about
distance decay in a
“spatial” context
• Think of distance
decay in terms of an ‘x’
and ‘y’ axis