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7th Grade Social Studies 12-1 The Road to War Essential Question: How did dictators acquire and expand power in Europe in the 1930s? Dictators– leaders that control their nations by force What is Fascism? Run by a dictator Power is in the hands of the military Demands patriotism Industries owned by private ownershirts Italian fascist leader Benito Mussolini What is Communism? Authoritarian party holds the power Everyone is the same –no high, middle or lower class Industries are owned by the government-there is no competitioner Josef Stalin Russian communist leader Joseph Stalin Nazi Germany- Adolf Hitler Totalitarian State-leaders control all areas of society Hitler’s book-Mein Kampf (My Struggle), explains Germany’s downfall and his ideas to take Germany to greatness Hitler’s first followers were the Brown Shirts, SA-could be anyone, hoodlums, thugs, etc. SS (led by Heinrich Himmler) replaced the SA with people that had influence, money, etc. Hitler’s political police-Gestapo Hitler continued Under his leadership: German economy improved People were going back to work Anyone that spoke out against the government or Hitler’s ideals was either put in a concentration camp or killed 10 million “undesirables” were killed Concentration and death camps were built in Germany and neighboring countries Hitler continued Under his leadership: German economy improved People were going back to work Anyone that spoke out against the government or Hitler’s ideals was either put in a concentration camp or killed 10 million “undesirables” were killed Concentration and death camps were built in Germany and neighboring countries What caused World War II? 12-2 War Begins Germany attacks Poland on September 1, 1939 Britain and France warned Germany to withdraw from Poland Hitler does not listen Britain and France declare war on Germany (9-3) Hitler’s war strategy-Blitzkrieg (means Lightning War) Luftwaffe-German Air Force Panzer- German Tank R.A.F. -Royal Air Force (Great Britain) Allied Powers vs. Axis Powers Great Britain France Soviet Union (Russia) China United States Italy Germany Japan US Enters the War US tried to stay out of the war Neutrality Acts Ordered an embargo (stop selling) on arms to belligerents (nations at war) Forbade belligerents from borrowing money in US Prohibited US merchant ships from carrying weapons to belligerents Lend-Lease Act: “lend your neighbor a hose” Allowed Britain to borrow American equipment US increases defense spending and Selective Service (first peacetime draft) Operation Barbarossa-Hitler attacks Russia despite nonaggression agreement US sends aid to Russia now Russia stops Germany December 7, 1941 “A day that will live in infamy” Japan’s General Tojo ordered the attack on Pearl Harbor In a few hours Japan sank or damaged all 8 battleships, 10 other navy ships, and destroyed almost 200 planes US’s mistakes Ignoring radar report (thought planes were their own) Held up report of sunken sub Lining up planes at Hickam Field (easy target) Message to be on alert was sent without an urgent stamp USS Arizona in flames Pearl Harbor Japan’s mistake-not heeding warnings of their own General Yamashita and Admiral Yamamoto Yamamoto’s response- “I fear all we have done is to awaken a sleeping giant, and fill him with a terrible resolve.” What does that mean? US declares war on Japan on December 8, 1941 Video clip of Pearl Harbor: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WqNY88Amuzw Battleship row 12-3 On the Home Front How did Americans support the war effort? Over 100,000 Japanese Americans were sent to detainment (internment) camps after the bombing of Pearl Harbor Thousands of men enlisted to help the war effort Rationing (buying limited numbers or amounts)was enforced to save materials for the war effort Ration cards limited amounts of food and other resources families could have Automobiles and nylons not available to anyone Office of Price Administration (OPA) set price limits on goods and rationed others Items recycled to help make war supplies Copper for bullets Silk for parachutes Nylon for parachutes Home Front continued Women and children helped the war effort at home Collecting pots, pans, metal to be used for production of ships, planes, tanks, and weapons Victory Gardens planted to grow food that was in short supply Women began working in factories 2/3 of aviation industries employees “Rosie the Riveter” posters encouraging women to work 12-4 War in Europe and Africa Allies needed to take back Northern Africa so the Axis forces would not have complete control of shipping routes General Dwight D. Eisenhower help drive Axis out of North Africa General George Patton and the allies take back Italy Italian dictator, Benito Mussolini, is overthrown German forces surrender in the Soviet Union in 1943 Invasion of France: Turning point of the war in Europe Operation Overlord-Allied invasion of occupied Europe June 6, 1944- D-Day (the day of the invasion) allied landing in Normandy, France Landings on Utah, Omaha, Gold, Sword, and Juno Beaches True Story of D-Day documentary: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1zrkQtkOUao#t=356 Victory in Europe! Soviet forces came from the east and American and British came from the west Battle of the Bulge-Americans win Soviet troops advance to Berlin – Hitler commits suicide Germany surrenders on May 7, 1944 V-E Day-Victory in Europe 12-5 War in the Pacific Allies fought the Japanese for 4 years After bombing Pearl Harbor, Japanese took several island countries including the Philippines Allied troops in the Philippines are exhausted The Allied troops surrender and are forced on the Baatan Death March (pictured right) Commanders in the Pacific -General Douglas MacArthur and Admiral Nimitz By island hopping, (attacking and capturing key islands) Americans were able to win several battles Battle of Midway Battle of the Coral Sea Battle of Leyte Gulf Finally the Americans were closing in on Japantaking Guam back improved position 1945- Americans take Iwo Jima and Okinawa, islands near Japan Battle of Iwo Jima video: http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/world-war-ii-history/videos/battle-iwo-jima Japan uses Kamikaze pilots (suicide pilots willing to crash into Allied forces) Japan refuses to surrender after America warns of “prompt and utter destruction” President Harry Truman decides to use the atomic bomb Manhattan Project was developed under FDR Video: 24 Hours After Hiroshima https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jY9VwCE_Dsg Japan’s Surrender August 6, 1945 the bomber Enola Gay dropped the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan Second bomb is dropped on Nagasaki, Japan Japan surrenders-August 15, 1945 is declared V-J Day (Victory over Japan) German and Japanese leaders are put on trial for “crimes against humanity” Over 55 million people died from all nations Time to rebuild…..