Download Data mining

Course on Data Mining (581550-4)
Intro/Ass. Rules
7.11.
24./26.10.
Clustering
14.11.
Episodes
KDD Process
Home Exam
30.10.
Text Mining
28.11.2001
21.11.
28.11.
Data mining - Applications, future,
and summary
Appl./Summary
1
Course on Data Mining (581550-4)
Today 28.11.2001
• Today's subject:
o Data mining applications,
future, and summary
• The program at the end of
this week:
o Exercise: KDD Process
o Seminar: KDD Process
28.11.2001
Data mining - Applications, future,
and summary
2
Applications, future and summary
• Data mining applications
• How to choose a data mining
system?
• Data mining system products
and research prototypes
• Additional themes on data
mining
• Social impact of data mining
• Trends in data mining
• Summary
28.11.2001
Data mining - Applications, future,
and summary
3
Data mining applications
• Data mining is a young discipline with wide and diverse
applications
o general principles of data mining versus domainspecific, effective data mining tools for particular
applications
• Application domains, e.g.,
o biomedical and DNA data analysis
o financial data analysis
o retail industry
o telecommunication industry
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Data mining - Applications, future,
and summary
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Biomedical data mining
and DNA analysis
• DNA sequences consist of 4 basic building blocks
(nucleotides): adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G),
and thymine (T).
• Gene: a sequence of hundreds of individual nucleotides
arranged in a particular order
• Semantic integration of heterogeneous, distributed
genome databases
o data cleaning and data integration methods developed
in data mining will help
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and summary
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DNA analysis – Examples (1)
• Similarity search and comparison among DNA
sequences
o compare the frequently occurring patterns of each class
o identify gene sequence patterns that play roles in
various diseases
• Association analysis: identification of co-occurring gene
sequences
o most diseases are triggered by a combination of genes
acting together
o may help determine the kinds of genes that are likely to
co-occur together in target samples
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and summary
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DNA analysis – Examples (2)
• Path analysis: linking genes to different disease
development stages
o different genes may become active at different stages
of the disease
o develop pharmaceutical interventions that target the
different stages separately
• Visualization tools and genetic data analysis
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Data mining - Applications, future,
and summary
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Data mining for financial data
analysis (1)
• Collected data is often relatively complete, reliable,
and of high quality
• Design and construction of data warehouses for
multidimensional data analysis and data mining
o view the debt and revenue changes, e.g., by month
o access statistical information, e.g., trend
• Loan payment prediction/consumer credit policy
analysis
o loan payment performance
o consumer credit rating
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Data mining - Applications, future,
and summary
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Data mining for financial data
analysis (2)
• Classification and clustering of customers for targeted
marketing
o multidimensional segmentation to identify customer
groups or associate a new customer to an appropriate
customer group
• Detection of money laundering and other financial
crimes
o integration of multiple DBs
o tools: data visualization, linkage analysis, classification,
clustering tools, outlier analysis, and sequential pattern
analysis tools
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Data mining - Applications, future,
and summary
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Data mining for retail industry (1)
• Retail industry: huge amounts of data on sales, customer
shopping history, etc.
• Applications of retail data mining:
o identify customer buying behaviors
o discover customer shopping patterns and trends
o improve the quality of customer service
o achieve better customer retention and satisfaction
o enhance goods consumption ratios
o design more effective goods transportation and
distribution policies
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and summary
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Data mining in retail industry (2)
• Design and construction of data warehouses based on
the benefits of data mining (multidimensional analysis of
sales, customers, products, time, and region)
• Analysis of the effectiveness of sales campaigns
• Analysis of customer loyalty
o use customer loyalty card information to register
sequences of purchases of particular customers
o use sequential pattern mining to investigate changes in
customer consumption or loyalty
o suggest adjustments on the pricing and variety of goods
• Purchase recommendation and cross-reference of items
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and summary
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Data mining for
telecommunication industry (1)
• A rapidly expanding and highly competitive industry
and a great demand for data mining
o understand the business involved
o identify telecommunication patterns
o catch fraudulent activities
o make better use of resources
o improve the quality of service
• Multidimensional analysis of telecommunication data
o e.g., calling-time, duration of call, location of caller,
type of call, etc.
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and summary
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Data mining for
telecommunication industry (2)
• Fraudulent pattern analysis and the identification of
unusual patterns
o identify potentially fraudulent users and their atypical
usage patterns
o detect attempts to gain fraudulent entry to customer
accounts
o discover unusual patterns which may need special
attention
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and summary
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Data mining for
telecommunication industry (3)
• Multidimensional association and sequential pattern
analysis
o find usage patterns for a set of communication services
by customer group, by month, etc.
o promote the sales of specific services
o improve the availability of particular services in a
region
• Use of visualization tools in telecommunication data
analysis
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and summary
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How to choose a data mining
system? (1)
• Commercial data mining systems
have little in common
o different data mining functionality
or methodology
o may even work with completely
different kinds of data sets
• For selection of a system we need to
have a multiple dimensional view of
existing systems
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and summary
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How to choose a data mining
system? (2)
• Data types: relational, transactional, text, time sequence,
spatial?
• System issues
o running on only one or on several operating systems?
o a client/server architecture?
o provide Web-based interfaces and allow XML data as
input and/or output?
• Data sources
o ASCII text files, multiple relational data sources
o support ODBC connections (OLE DB, JDBC)?
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and summary
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How to choose a data mining
system? (3)
• Data mining functions and methodologies
o one vs. multiple data mining functions
o one vs. variety of methods per function
• Coupling with DB and/or data warehouse systems
o four forms of coupling: no coupling, loose coupling,
semitight coupling, and tight coupling
• Visualization tools: data visualization, mining result
visualization, mining process visualization, and visual data
mining
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and summary
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How to choose a data mining
system? (4)
• Scalability
o row (or database size) scalability
o column (or dimension) scalability
o curse of dimensionality: it is much more challenging
to make a system column scalable that row scalable
• Data mining query language and graphical user
interface
o easy-to-use and high-quality graphical user interface
o essential for user-guided, highly interactive data mining
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Data mining systems (1)
• IBM Intelligent Miner
o a wide range of data mining algorithms
o scalable mining algorithms
o toolkits: neural network algorithms, statistical methods,
data preparation, and data visualization tools
o tight integration with IBM's DB2 relational database
system
• SAS Enterprise Miner
o a variety of statistical analysis tools
o data warehouse tools and multiple data mining
algorithms
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and summary
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Data mining systems (2)
• SGI MineSet
o multiple data mining algorithms and advanced
statistics
o advanced visualization tools
• Clementine (SPSS)
o an integrated data mining development environment
for end-users and developers
o multiple data mining algorithms and visualization
tools
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and summary
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Data mining systems (3)
• DBMiner (DBMiner Technology Inc.)
o multiple data mining modules: discovery-driven OLAP
analysis, association, classification, and clustering
o efficient, association and sequential-pattern mining
functions, and visual classification tool
o mining both relational databases and data warehouses
• Microsoft SQLServer 2000
o integrate DB and OLAP with mining
o support OLEDB for DM standard
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and summary
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Additional themes on data mining
•
•
•
•
Web mining
Visual data mining
Audio data mining
Theoretical foundations of data
mining
• Data mining and intelligent
query answering
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and summary
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Web mining (1)
• The WWW is huge, widely
distributed, global information
service center for
o information services: news,
advertisements, consumer
information, education,
government, e-commerce, etc.
o hyper-link information
o access and usage information
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and summary
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Web mining (2)
• Web search engines:
o index-based: search the Web, index Web pages, and
build and store huge keyword-based indices
o help locate sets of Web pages containing certain
keywords
• Deficiencies of the web search engines:
o a topic of any breadth may easily contain hundreds of
thousands of documents
o many documents that are highly relevant to a topic may
not contain keywords defining them
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Web mining (3)
• WWW provides rich sources for
data mining
• Challenges:
o too huge for effective data
warehousing and data mining
o too complex and heterogeneous:
no standards and structure
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Web mining (4)
• Web mining is a more challenging
task than constructing and using
web search engines
• Web mining searches for
o web access patterns
o web structures
o regularity and dynamics of web
contents
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and summary
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Web mining (5)
• Web mining taxonomy:
Web Mining
Web Content
Mining
Web Page
Content Mining
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Web Structure
Mining
Search Result
Mining
Web Usage
Mining
General Access
Pattern Tracking
Data mining - Applications, future,
and summary
Customized
Usage Tracking
27
Visual data mining (1)
• Visualization: use of computer
graphics to create visual images
which aid in the understanding of
complex, often massive
representations of data
• Visual data mining: the process
of discovering implicit, but useful
knowledge from large data sets
using visualization techniques
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Visual data mining (2)
• Purpose of visualization
o gain insight into an information space by mapping data
onto graphical primitives
o provide qualitative overview of large data sets
o search for patterns, trends, structure, irregularities,
relationships among data
o help find interesting regions and suitable parameters for
further quantitative analysis
o provide a visual proof of computer representations
derived
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Visual data mining (3)
• Integration of visualization and
data mining
o data visualization
o data mining result visualization
o data mining process visualization
o interactive visual data mining
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Data visualization
• Data in a database or data
warehouse can be viewed
o at different levels of granularity or
abstraction
o as different combinations of
attributes or dimensions
• Data can be presented in various
visual forms
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Box-plots in Statsoft
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Data mining result visualization
• Presentation of the results or
knowledge obtained from data
mining in visual forms
• Examples
o scatter plots and box-plots
o association rules
o clusters
o outliers
o generalized rules
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Scatter plots in
SAS Enterprise Miner
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Association rules in MineSet 3.0
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A decision tree in MineSet 3.0
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Cluster groupings in
IBM Intelligent Miner
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Data mining process visualization
• Presentation of the various processes of data mining in
visual forms so that users can see
o how the data are extracted
o from which database or data warehouse they are
extracted
o how the selected data are cleaned, integrated,
preprocessed, and mined
o which method is selected at data mining
o where the results are stored
o how they may be viewed
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Data mining processes in
Clementine
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Interactive visual data mining
• Using visualization tools in the data
mining process to help users make
smart data mining decisions
• Example
o display the data distribution in a set
of attributes using colored sectors or
columns
o use the display to decide which
sector should first be selected for
classification and where a good split
point for this sector may be
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and summary
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Interactive visual mining by
perception-based classification
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Audio data mining
• Audio signals (sounds, music) are used to indicate the
patterns of data, or the features of data mining results
• An interesting alternative to visual mining
• An inverse task of mining audio (such as music)
databases which is to find patterns from audio data
• Visual data mining may disclose interesting patterns
using graphical displays, but requires users to concentrate
on watching patterns
• In audio data mining, the user listens to pitches,
rhythms, tune, and melody in order to identify anything
interesting or unusual
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Theoretical foundations of
data mining (1)
• Data reduction
o the basis of data mining is to reduce
the data representation (use, e.g.,
histograms or clustering)
o trades accuracy for speed
• Data compression
o the basis of data mining is compress
the given data by encoding in terms
of bits, association rules, decision
trees, clusters, etc.
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and summary
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Theoretical foundations of
data mining (2)
• Pattern discovery
o the basis of data mining is to
discover patterns occurring in the
database, e.g., associations,
classification models and sequential
patterns
• Probability theory
o the basis of data mining is to
discover joint probability
distributions of random variables
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and summary
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Theoretical foundations of
data mining (3)
• Microeconomic view
o a view of utility
o the task of data mining is finding
patterns that are interesting only
to the extent in that they can be
used in the decision-making
process of some enterprise
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and summary
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Theoretical foundations of
data mining (4)
• Inductive databases
o data mining is the problem of
performing inductive logic on
databases
o the task is to query the data and the
theory (i.e., patterns) of the
database
o popular among many researchers in
database systems
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Data mining and
intelligent query answering (1)
• Query answering
o direct query answering: returns
exactly what is being asked
o intelligent (or cooperative) query
answering: analyzes the intent of
the query and provides
generalized, neighborhood or
associated information relevant to
the query
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and summary
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Data mining and
intelligent query answering (2)
• Some users may not have a
clear idea of exactly what to
mine or what is contained in
the database
• Intelligent query answering
analyzes the user's intent and
answers queries in an
intelligent way
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Data mining and
intelligent query answering (3)
• A general framework for the
integration of data mining and
intelligent query answering
o data query: finds concrete data
stored in a database
o knowledge query: finds rules,
patterns, and other kinds of
knowledge in a database
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and summary
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Data mining and
intelligent query answering (4)
• For example, three ways to improve
on-line shopping service
o informative query answering by
providing summary information
o suggestion of additional items
based on association analysis
o product promotion by sequential
pattern mining
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Social impact of data mining
• Is data mining a hype?
• Data mining: merely managers’
business or everyone’s
• Privacy and data security
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Is data mining a hype, or
will it be persistent?
• Data mining is a technology
• Technological life cycle:
o innovators
o early adopters
o chasm
o early majority
o late majority
o laggards
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Life Cycle of Technology Adoption
• Data mining is at chasm!?
o existing data mining systems are too generic
o need business-specific data mining solutions and
smooth integration of business logic with data mining
functions
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Whose business is it?
• Data mining will surely be an important tool for
managers’ decision making
• The amount of the available data is increasing, and data
mining systems will be more affordable
• Multiple personal uses
o mine your family's medical history to identify
genetically-related medical conditions
o mine the records of the companies you deal with
o mine data on stocks and company performance, etc.
• Invisible data mining: build data mining functions into
many intelligent tools
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Threat to privacy
and data security?
• “Big Brother” is carefully watching you
• Profiling information is collected constantly
o you use your credit card, supermarket loyalty card, or
frequent flyer card, or apply for any of the above
o you surf the Web, reply to an Internet newsgroup,
subscribe to a magazine, rent a video, or fill out a
contest entry form
• Collection of personal data may be beneficial for
companies and consumers, but there is also potential
for misuse
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Protect privacy and data security
• Fair information practices
o international guidelines for data privacy protection
o cover aspects relating to data collection, purpose, use,
quality, openness, individual participation, and
accountability
o purpose specification and use limitation
o openness: individuals have the right to know what
information is collected about them, who has access to
the data, and how the data are being used
• Develop and use data security-enhancing techniques,
e.g., blind signatures, biometric encryption, and
anonymous databases
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Trends in data mining (1)
• Application exploration
o development of application-specific
data mining system
o invisible data mining (mining as built-in
function)
• Scalable data mining methods
o constraint-based mining: use of
constraints to guide data mining
systems in their search for interesting
patterns
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Trends in data mining (2)
• Integration of data mining with
database systems, data warehouse
systems, and web database systems
• Standardization of data mining
language
o a standard will facilitate systematic
development, improve
interoperability, and promote the
education and use of data mining
systems in industry and society
• Visual data mining
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Trends in data mining (3)
• New methods for mining complex
types of data
o more research is required towards
the integration of data mining
methods with existing data analysis
techniques for the complex types of
data
• Web mining
• Privacy protection and information
security in data mining
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Summary (1)
• Data mining: semi-automatic
discovery of interesting patterns
from large data sets
• Knowledge discovery is a
process:
o preprocessing
o data mining
o postprocessing
• Application areas: retail,
telecommunication, Web mining,
log analysis, …
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Summary (2)
• Knowledge can be mined from
different kinds of databases
(relational, object-oriented, spatial,
WWW, …)
• We can mine different kinds of
knowledge (characterization,
clustering, association, …)
• Data mining uses also techniques
from other areas of computer
science (machine learning,
statistics, visualization, …)
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Summary (3)
• Some useful data mining
techniques:
o association rules
o episodes
o text mining
o classification
o clustering
• There are also many other data
mining methods/techniques
developed, but not covered in
this course
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Summary (4)
• It is important to
o study theoretical
foundations of data mining
o watch privacy and security
issues in data mining
• The future of data mining
seems promising, even
without hype
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References - Applications etc. (1)
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M. Ankerst, C. Elsen, M. Ester, and H.-P. Kriegel. Visual classification: An interactive approach to
decision tree construction. KDD'99, San Diego, CA, Aug. 1999.
P. Baldi and S. Brunak. Bioinformatics: The Machine Learning Approach. MIT Press, 1998.
S. Benninga and B. Czaczkes. Financial Modeling. MIT Press, 1997.
L. Breiman, J. Friedman, R. Olshen, and C. Stone. Classification and Regression Trees. Wadsworth
International Group, 1984.
M. Berthold and D. J. Hand. Intelligent Data Analysis: An Introduction. Springer-Verlag, 1999.
M. J. A. Berry and G. Linoff. Mastering Data Mining: The Art and Science of Customer Relationship
Management. John Wiley & Sons, 1999.
A. Baxevanis and B. F. F. Ouellette. Bioinformatics: A Practical Guide to the Analysis of Genes and
Proteins. John Wiley & Sons, 1998.
Q. Chen, M. Hsu, and U. Dayal. A data-warehouse/OLAP framework for scalable telecommunication
tandem traffic analysis. ICDE'00, San Diego, CA, Feb. 2000.
W. Cleveland. Visualizing Data. Hobart Press, Summit NJ, 1993.
S. Chakrabarti, S. Sarawagi, and B. Dom. Mining surprising patterns using temporal description
length. VLDB'98, New York, NY, Aug. 1998.
J. L. Devore. Probability and Statistics for Engineering and the Science, 4th ed. Duxbury Press, 1995.
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References - Applications etc. (2)
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A. J. Dobson. An Introduction to Generalized Linear Models. Chapman and Hall, 1990.
B. Gates. Business @ the Speed of Thought. New York: Warner Books, 1999.
M. Goebel and L. Gruenwald. A survey of data mining and knowledge discovery software tools.
SIGKDD Explorations, 1:20-33, 1999.
D. Gusfield. Algorithms on Strings, Trees and Sequences, Computer Science and Computation
Biology. Cambridge University Press, New York, 1997.
J. Han, Y. Huang, N. Cercone, and Y. Fu. Intelligent query answering by knowledge discovery
techniques. IEEE Trans. Knowledge and Data Engineering, 8:373-390, 1996.
R. C. Higgins. Analysis for Financial Management. Irwin/McGraw-Hill, 1997.
C. H. Huberty. Applied Discriminant Analysis. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1994.
T. Imielinski and H. Mannila. A database perspective on knowledge discovery. Communications of
ACM, 39:58-64, 1996.
D. A. Keim and H.-P. Kriegel. VisDB: Database exploration using multidimensional visualization.
Computer Graphics and Applications, pages 40-49, Sept. 94.
J. M. Kleinberg, C. Papadimitriou, and P. Raghavan. A microeconomic view of data mining. Data
Mining and Knowledge Discovery, 2:311-324, 1998.
H. Mannila. Methods and problems in data mining. ICDT'99 Delphi, Greece, Jan. 1997.
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References - Applications etc. (3)
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R. Mattison. Data Warehousing and Data Mining for Telecommunications. Artech House, 1997.
R. G. Miller. Survival Analysis. New York: Wiley, 1981.
G. A. Moore. Crossing the Chasm: Marketing and Selling High-Tech Products to Mainstream
Customers. Harperbusiness, 1999.
R. H. Shumway. Applied Statistical Time Series Analysis. Prentice Hall, 1988.
E. R. Tufte. The Visual Display of Quantitative Information. Graphics Press, Cheshire, CT, 1983.
E. R. Tufte. Envisioning Information. Graphics Press, Cheshire, CT, 1990.
E. R. Tufte. Visual Explanations : Images and Quantities, Evidence and Narrative. Graphics Press,
Cheshire, CT, 1997.
M. S. Waterman. Introduction to Computational Biology: Maps, Sequences, and Genomes
(Interdisciplinary Statistics). CRC Press, 1995.
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Data mining conferences
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1989 IJCAI Workshop
1991-1994 KDD Workshops
1995-1998 KDD Conferences
1998 ACM SIGKDD
1999-> SIGKDD Conferences
And many smaller/new DM conferences, e.g.,
o PAKDD, PKDD
o SIAM-Data Mining, (IEEE) ICDM
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Useful References on Data Mining
• DM:
o Conferences: KDD, PKDD, PAKDD, ...
o Journals: Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery,
CACM
• DM/DB:
o Conferences: ACM-SIGMOD/PODS, VLDB, ...
o Journals: ACM-TODS, J. ACM, IEEE-TKDE, JIIS, ...
• AI/ML:
o Conferences: Machine Learning, AAAI, IJCAI, ...
o Journals: Machine Learning, Artifical Intelligence, ...
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Reminder: Course Organization
Course Evaluation
•
•
28.11.2001
Passing the course: min 30 points
o home exam: min 13 points (max 30
points)
o exercises/experiments: min 8 points
(max 20 points)
 at least 3 returned and reported
experiments
o group presentation: min 4 points (max
10 points)
Remember also the other requirements:
o attending the lectures (5/7)
o attending the seminars (4/5)
o attending the exercises (4/5)
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Data mining applications,
future, and summary
Thanks to
Jiawei Han from Simon Fraser University
for his slides
which greatly helped in preparing this lecture!
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