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How much blood is in the adult human body? 0About 5 liters Did you know? 0Blood is the only fluid tissue (connective) • Deliver O2 • Remove metabolic wastes & CO2 • Maintain temperature, pH, and fluid volume • Protection from blood loss- platelets • Prevent infection- antibodies and WBC • Transport hormones & nutrients 0 Color range Oxygen-rich blood is scarlet red Oxygen-poor blood is dull red 0 pH must remain between 7.35–7.45 0 Blood temperature is slightly higher o than body temperature 98.6 F Artery White blood cells Platelets Red blood cells Composition of Blood 0 The Living cells are called Formed Elements & include: Erythrocytes = RBC Leukocytes = WBC Platelets = cell fragments 0 The Non-living Matrix is the Plasma Blood Plasma – liquid portion of the blood 0Plasma transports 90% H2O & 10% dissolved substances like: 0Hormones 0 Metabolic wastes CO2 Urea 0 RBC (erythrocytes) 0 Electrolytes 0 Gases (metal ions) 0 Buffy Coat=Platelets(thrombocytes) & WBC (leukocytes) 0Nutrients Vitamins Carbohydrates (sugars) Lipids (fats) Proteins (amino acids) Albumin (60 %) regulates osmotic pressure Alpha,Beta & Gamma Globulins (antibodies)help protect the body from antigens Clotting Proteins (fibrinogens) help to stem blood loss when a blood vessel is injured Plasma-55% Buffy coat-<1% Formed elements-45% White Blood Cells • Fight infections • Large in size • Have a nucleus • Phagocyte Erythrocytes Erythrocyte7.5m in dia Anucleate Hematopoiesis- production of RBC Function- transport respiratory gases Hemoglobin- quaternary structure, 2 chains and 2 chains Lack mitochondria. Why? 1 RBC contains 280 million hemoglobin molecules Men- 5 million cells/mm3 Women- 4.5 million cells/mm3 Life span 100-120 days and then destroyed in spleen (RBC graveyard) Hemoglobin Hematopoiesis • Hematopoiesis (hemopoiesis): blood cell formation • Occurs in red bone marrow of axial skeleton, girdles and proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur Hematopoiesis • Hemocytoblasts (hematopoietic stem cells) • Give rise to all formed elements • Hormones and growth factors push the cell toward a specific pathway of blood cell development • New blood cells enter blood sinusoids Erythropoiesis • Erythropoiesis: red blood cell production • A hemocytoblast is transformed into a proerythroblast • Proerythroblasts develop into early erythroblasts Erythropoiesis • Phases in development 1. Ribosome synthesis 2. Hemoglobin accumulation 3. Ejection of the nucleus and formation of reticulocytes • Reticulocytes then become mature erythrocytes Stem cell Hemocytoblast Committed cell Developmental pathway Proerythroblast Early Late erythroblast erythroblast Phase 1 Ribosome synthesis Phase 2 Hemoglobin accumulation Phase 3 Ejection of nucleus Normoblast Reticulo- Erythrocyte cyte Figure 17.5 Regulation of Erythropoiesis • Too few RBCs leads to tissue hypoxia • Too many RBCs increases blood viscosity • Balance between RBC production and destruction depends on • Hormonal controls • Adequate supplies of iron, amino acids, and B vitamins Hormonal Control of Erythropoiesis • Erythropoietin (EPO) • Direct stimulus for erythropoiesis • Released by the kidneys in response to hypoxia Hormonal Control of Erythropoiesis • Causes of hypoxia • Hemorrhage or increased RBC destruction reduces RBC numbers • Insufficient hemoglobin (e.g., iron deficiency) • Reduced availability of O2 (e.g., high altitudes) Hormonal Control of Erythropoiesis • Effects of EPO • More rapid maturation of committed bone marrow cells • Increased circulating reticulocyte count in 1– 2 days • Testosterone also enhances EPO production, resulting in higher RBC counts in males Blood Cell Production Formation & Destruction of RBCs RBC Diseases Anemia- when blood has low O2 carrying capacity; insufficient RBC or iron deficiency. Factors that can cause anemia- exercise, B12 deficiency RBC Diseases Sickle-cell anemia• HbS results from a change in just one of the 287 amino acids in the chain in the globin molecule. • Found in 1 out of 400 African Americans. • Homozygous for sickle-cell is deadly, but in malaria infested countries, the heterozygous condition is beneficial. Genetics of Sickle Cell Anemia Genetics of Sickle Cell Anemia RBC Diseases Polycythemia- excess of erythrocytes, viscosity of blood; 8-11 million cells/mm3 Usually caused by cancer; however, naturally occurs at high elevations Blood doping- in athletesremove blood 2 days before event and then replace it- banned by Olympics. 4,000-11,000 cells/mm 3 Never let monkeys eat bananas Granulocytes Neutrophils- 40-70% Eosinophils- 1-4% Basophils- <1% Agranulocytes Monocytes- 4-8% Lymphocytes- 20-45% Basophil Eosinophil Lymphocyte platelet Neutrophil Monocyte Leukocyte Squeezing Through Capillary Wall Leukopenia • Abnormally low WBC count—drug induced Leukemias • Cancerous conditions involving WBCs • Named according to the abnormal WBC clone involved Mononucleosis • highly contagious viral disease caused by Epstein-Barr virus; excessive # of agranulocytes; fatigue, sore throat, recover in a few weeks Platelets • Small fragments of megakaryocytes • Formation is regulated by thrombopoietin • Blue-staining outer region, purple granules • Granules contain serotonin, Ca2+, enzymes, ADP, and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) Stem cell Developmental pathway Hemocytoblast Promegakaryocyte Megakaryoblast Megakaryocyte Platelets Figure 17.12 Hemostasis- stoppage of bleeding Platelets: 250,000-500,000 cells/mm3 Tissue Damage Platelet Plug Clotting Factors Hemostasis: 1. Vessel injury 2. Vascular spasm 3. Platelet plug formation 4. Coagulation Hemostasis (+ feedback) Clotting Factors thromboplastin Prothrombin Thrombin Fibrinogen Fibrin Traps RBC & platelets Platelets release thromboplastin Blood Clot Platelet Fibrin thread RBC Disorders of Hemostasis • Thromboembolytic disorders: undesirable clot formation • Bleeding disorders: abnormalities that prevent normal clot formation Thromboembolytic Conditions • Thrombus: clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel • May block circulation, leading to tissue death • Embolus: a thrombus freely floating in the blood stream • Pulmonary emboli impair the ability of the body to obtain oxygen • Cerebral emboli can cause strokes Thromboembolytic Conditions Prevented by • Aspirin • Antiprostaglandin that inhibits thromboxane A2 • Heparin • Anticoagulant used clinically for pre- and postoperative cardiac care • Warfarin • Used for those prone to atrial fibrillation Thrombocytosis- too many platelets due to inflammation, infection or cancer Thrombocytopenia- too few platelets • causes spontaneous bleeding • due to suppression or destruction of bone marrow (e.g., malignancy, radiation) – Platelet count <50,000/mm3 is diagnostic – Treated with transfusion of concentrated platelets • Impaired liver function • Inability to synthesize procoagulants • Causes include vitamin K deficiency, hepatitis, and cirrhosis • Liver disease can also prevent the liver from producing bile, impairing fat and vitamin K absorption • Hemophilias include several similar hereditary bleeding disorders • Symptoms include prolonged bleeding, especially into joint cavities • Treated with plasma transfusions and injection of missing factors Hemophiliac- a sex-linked recessive trait, primarily carried by males (x chromosome) Type A Type B Type AB Type O Blood type is based on the presence of 2 major antigens in RBC membranes-- A and B Blood type Antigen Antibody A A anti-B B B anti-A A&B AB no anti body Neither A or B O anti-A and anti-B Antigen- protein on the surface of a RBC membrane Antibody- proteins made by lymphocytes in plasma which are made in response to the presence of antigens. They attack foreign antigens, which result in clumping (agglutination) Type A b b b b b b b Type B a a a a a a a Type O a b a a a b b a a b Type AB Rh Factor and Pregnancy RH+ indicates protein RH- indicates no protein Rh Factor and Pregnancy Rh+ mother w/Rh- baby– no problem Rh- mother w/Rh+ baby– problem Rh- mother w/Rh- father– no problem Rh- mother w/Rh- baby-- no problem RhoGAM used @ 28 weeks Type AB- universal recipients Type O- universal donor Rh factor: Rh+ 85% dominant in pop Rh- 15% recessive Blood Type Clumping Antibody A antigen A anti-A serum antibody anti-b B antigen B anti-B serum antibody anti-a AB antigen A & B anti A & B serum O neither A or B no clumping w/ either anti A or B anti-a, anti-b - Blood being tested Type AB (contains agglutinogens A and B; agglutinates with both sera) Anti-A Serum Anti-B RBCs Type A (contains agglutinogen A; agglutinates with anti-A) Type B (contains agglutinogen B; agglutinates with anti-B) Type O (contains no agglutinogens; does not agglutinate with either serum) Figure 17.16 Blood Type & Rh How Many Have It O O A A B B AB AB 1 person in 3 1 person in 15 1 person in 3 1 person in 16 1 person in 12 1 person in 67 1 person in 29 1 person in 167 Rh Positive Rh Negative Rh Positive Rh Negative Rh Positive Rh Negative Rh Positive Rh Negative Frequency 37.4% 6.6% 35.7% 6.3% 8.5% 1.5% 3.4% .6% ABO Blood Types Phenotype Genotype O i i A I A I A or I A i B I B I B or I B i A B AB I I Punnett square Type A and Type B cross IA IA IB i IA IB IAi IA IB IA i 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. INQUIRY What is an erythrocyte, leukocyte, and thrombocyte? What 2 things do red cells lack compared to white cells? What dietary component is needed for the production of red blood cells? The largest cells in the blood that leave the bloodstream to become macrophages are ____. In an acute infection, the white cell count would show as ______. Erythroblastosis fetalis , also known as hemolytic newborn disease, occurs in ____ mothers carrying ____ fetuses. What antigens and antibodies found on AB red cells? In a transfusion, what type blood can you give a type O person? Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 10.5b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 10.5c Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells) The main function is to carry oxygen Anatomy of circulating erythrocytes Biconcave disks Essentially bags of hemoglobin Anucleate (no nucleus) Contain very few organelles Outnumber white blood cells 1000:1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 10.6 Hemoglobin Iron-containing protein Binds strongly, but reversibly, to oxygen Each hemoglobin molecule has four oxygen binding sites Each erythrocyte has 250 million hemoglobin molecules Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 10.7 Leukocytes (White Blood Cells) Crucial in the body’s defense against disease These are complete cells, with a nucleus and organelles Able to move into and out of blood vessels (diapedesis) Can move by ameboid motion Can respond to chemicals released by damaged tissues Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 10.8 Leukocyte Levels in the Blood Normal levels are between 4,000 and 11,000 cells per millimeter Abnormal leukocyte levels Leukocytosis Above 11,000 leukocytes/ml Generally indicates an infection Leukopenia Abnormally low leukocyte level Commonly caused by certain drugs Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 10.9 Types of Leukocytes Granulocytes Granules in their cytoplasm can be stained Include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils Figure 10.4 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 10.10a Types of Leukocytes Agranulocytes Lack visible cytoplasmic granules Include lymphocytes and monocytes Figure 10.4 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 10.10b Granulocytes Neutrophils Multilobed nucleus with fine granules Act as phagocytes at active sites of infection Increase in numbers rapidly w/acute infections Eosinophils Found in repsonse to allergies and parasitic worms Deactivates some inflammatory chemicals Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 10.11a Granulocytes Basophils Have histamine (vasodilating chemical)-containing granules Is discharged @ the sites of inflammation Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 10.11b Agranulocytes Lymphocytes (part of the immune system) B-lymphocytes produce antibodies T-lymphocytes involved in graft rejections, fight tumors & viruses; activates Blymphocytes. Monocytes (Long term clean up team) Largest of the white blood cells Function as macrophages Important in fighting chronic infection like TB Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 10.12 Erythrocytes • Shaped like round plates indented in the center. • Have no nucleus Questions • The Average adult has about __________ liters of blood? • 5 • Describe Plasma? • Plasma is the straw colored, non-living part of blood. It is 90% water. • Name 2 materials carried by plasma? • RBC, Hormones, Digested materials. Why is blood red? • Blood is red because it contains hemoglobin and iron rich pigment. What does hemoglobin do • Hemoglobin picks up the oxygen molecules and drops off CO2 Carbon Monoxide • Binds to RBC better than oxygen. • Not good • Kills us silently • Cant smell it or taste it. Questions • Why is blood red? • Because it contains hemoglobin • What does hemoglobin do? • Hemoglobin carries oxygen • What is the shape of a red blood cell? • How does carbon monoxide poisoning occur? Anemia • Occurs when the blood does not have enough hemoglobin. • Treated by taking in more iron • Because iron makes up hemoglobin What’s wrong with this picture? Sickle Cell Anemia • Genetic disease • Red blood cells become sickle shape • Cant carry as much oxygen Malaria • Disease that attacks the RBC. • Causes high fever • If you have sickle cell shaped RBC can not get the disease. Platelets • Smallest part of blood • No nucleus • Live 2-4 days • Involved in clotting of blood Bone marrow • Makes the cells of the blood • Bone marrow is located inside certain long bones. Leukemia • Form of cancer in which the bone marrow makes too many white blood cells. Name the parts of the blood? • What do platelets do? • Platelets clot the blood • What is the smallest component of blood? • The platelets • What do white blood cells do? • Fight infections • How are red blood cells made? • By the bone marrow Platelets Derived from ruptured multinucleate cells (megakaryocytes) Needed for the clotting process Normal platelet count = 300,000/mm3 Initiate clotting by clinging to broken blood vessels. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 10.13 Hematopoiesis Blood cell formation Occurs in red bone marrow All blood cells are derived from a common stem cell (hemocytoblast) Hemocytoblast differentiation Lymphoid stem cell produces lymphocytes Myeloid stem cell produces other formed elements Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 10.14 Fate of Erythrocytes Unable to divide, grow, or synthesize proteins Wear out in 100 to 120 days When worn out, are eliminated by phagocytes in the spleen or liver Lost cells are replaced by division of hemocytoblasts Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 10.15 Blood levels • The average adult has 6L of blood in their vascular system. • Children have 2-3L, depending on their age & size. • Infants have only about 300ml. • A minimal loss of blood to an adult could be fatal to an infant. Control of Erythrocyte Production Rate is controlled by a hormone (erythropoietin) Kidneys produce most erythropoietin as a response to reduced oxygen levels in the blood Homeostasis is maintained by negative feedback from blood oxygen levels Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 10.16 Control of Erythrocyte Production Figure 10.5 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 10.17 Hemostasis http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CR h_dAzXuoU Stoppage of blood flow Result of a break in a blood vessel Hemostasis involves three phases Platelet plug formation Vascular spasms Coagulation Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 10.18 Platelet Plug Formation Collagen fibers are exposed by a break in a blood vessel Platelets become “sticky” and cling to fibers Anchored platelets release chemicals to attract more platelets Platelets pile up to form a platelet plug Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 10.19 Vascular Spasms Anchored platelets release serotonin Serotonin causes blood vessel muscles to spasm Spasms narrow the blood vessel, decreasing blood loss Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 10.20 Coagulation Injured tissues release thromboplastin PF3 (a phospholipid) interacts with thromboplastin, blood protein clotting factors, and calcium ions to trigger a clotting cascade Prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to thrombin (an enzyme) Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 10.21a Coagulation Thrombin joins fibrinogen proteins into hair-like fibrin Fibrin forms a meshwork (the basis for a clot) Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 10.21b Blood Clotting Blood usually clots within 3 to 6 minutes The clot remains as endothelium regenerates The clot is broken down after tissue repair http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8YjmE5UM YvY Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 10.22 Undesirable Clotting Thrombus A clot in an unbroken blood vessel Can be deadly in areas like the heart Embolus A thrombus that breaks away and floats freely in the bloodstream Can later clog vessels in critical areas such as the brain Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 10.23 Bleeding Disorders Thrombocytopenia Platelet deficiency Even normal movements can cause bleeding from small blood vessels that require platelets for clotting Hemophilia Hereditary bleeding disorder Normal clotting factors are missing Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 10.24 Blood Groups and Transfusions Large losses of blood have serious consequences Loss of 15 to 30 percent causes weakness Loss of over 30 percent causes shock, which can be fatal Transfusions are the only way to replace blood quickly Transfused blood must be of the same blood group Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 10.25 Human Blood Groups Blood contains genetically determined proteins A foreign protein (antigen) may be attacked by the immune system Blood is “typed” by using antibodies that will cause blood with certain proteins to clump (agglutination) Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 10.26a Human Blood Groups There are over 30 common red blood cell antigens The most vigorous transfusion reactions are caused by ABO and Rh blood group antigens Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 10.26b ABO Blood Groups Based on the presence or absence of two antigens Type A Type B The lack of these antigens is called type O Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 10.27a ABO Blood Groups The presence of both A and B is called type AB The presence of either A or B is called types A and B, respectively Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 10.27b Blood Typing Blood samples are mixed with anti-A and anti-B serum Coagulation or no coagulation leads to determining blood type Typing for ABO and Rh factors is done in the same manner Cross matching – testing for agglutination of donor RBCs by the recipient’s serum, and vice versa Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 10.30 Blood Types: ABO System, Red Blood Cell Antigens & Blood Groups • http://educationportal.com/academy/lesson/blood-types-abosystem-red-blood-cell-antigens-bloodgroups.html#lesson Video Quiz 1. If you have Type B blood, which antibodies would your body produce? a. Both Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies b. Anti-A antibodies c. Both antibodies after the first exposure to a different blood type d. Anti-B antibodies e. Neither Anti-A or Anti-B antibodies Video Quiz 2. What could result if your blood were transfused into another person with an incompatible blood type? a. There would be no reaction b. Your blood cells would be destroyed c. The other person's blood would undergo agglutination d. Your blood would clump together e. Your blood would undergo agglutination Video Quiz 3. If a person with Type B blood receives a transfusion of Type O blood, what will result? a. There will be no initial reaction, but the second exposure to Type O blood will cause the blood cells to clump together b. There will be no negative reaction c. Agglutination d. There will be a severe immune response e. None of the answers are correct Video Quiz 4. Which blood type is considered the Universal Recipient? a. Type O b. Type A c. Type O negative blood d. Type AB e. Type B Video Quiz 5. If you have Type AB blood, which antigens would be present on your red blood cells? a. There would be no antigens present until your first exposure to a different blood type b. A antigens c. A and B antigens d. B antigens e. There would be no antigens present Rh Blood Groups Named because of the presence or absence of one of eight Rh antigens (agglutinogen D) Most Americans are Rh+ Problems can occur in mixing Rh+ blood into a body with Rh– blood Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 10.28 Rh Dangers During Pregnancy Danger is only when the mother is Rh– and the father is Rh+, and the child inherits the Rh+ factor Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 10.29a Rh Dangers During Pregnancy The mismatch of an Rh– mother carrying an Rh+ baby can cause problems for the unborn child The first pregnancy usually proceeds without problems The immune system is sensitized after the first pregnancy In a second pregnancy, the mother’s immune system produces antibodies to attack the Rh+ blood (hemolytic disease of the newborn) Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 10.29b Rh Blood Group, Rh Factor & Erythroblastosis Fetalis • http://educationportal.com/academy/lesson/rh-blood-grouprh-factor-erythoblasotis-fetalis.html#lesson Video Quiz 1. What would happen to the first Rh-positive child born to an Rh-negative mother? a. In the absence of any other diseases the child would be born healthy b. The child would be diagnosed with Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn c. The child's blood cells would be attacked by the mother's antibodies d. The child would need to be injected with RhoGAM in order to survive e. The child would need an immediate blood Video Quiz 2. Which of the following is true if you are an are Rh-positive woman? a. You will have difficulty if you become pregnant with an Rh-positive child b. Your red blood cells do not contain the Rh antigen c. Your blood contains anti-Rh positive antibodies d. You have type O blood e. Your red blood cells contain Rh antigens Video Quiz 3. What could lead to the condition erythroblastosis fetalis? a. Rh-negative fetus b. Rh-negative father and Rh-positive mother c. Rh-negative mother d. Rh-positive father and Rh-positive mother e. Rh-positive mother Video Quiz 4. Which of the following accurately describes Rh factor? a. An antigen found on the red blood cells of Rhnegative people b. An antibody found on the red blood cells of most people c. An antigen found on the red blood cells of most people d. An antibody found on the red blood cells of Rhnegative people e. None of the answers are correct Video Quiz 5. Who is treated with RhoGAM to prevent the risk of Hemolytic Disease of Newborn? a. Both the mother and child b. The woman's second-born child c. The woman's first-born child d. The woman with Rh-negative blood who gave birth e. The woman with Rh-positive blood who gave birth Video Quiz 6. What would happen to the Rh-negative mother after delivering an Rh-positive child? a. She would become sensitized to the Rh-positive antigen unless she is treated with RhoGAM b. She would be diagnosed with Erythroblastosis Fetalis c. She would develop Rh antigens d. She would never be able to have children again e. She would need an immediate blood transfusion Developmental Aspects of Blood Sites of blood cell formation The fetal liver and spleen are early sites of blood cell formation Bone marrow takes over hematopoiesis by the seventh month Fetal hemoglobin differs from hemoglobin produced after birth Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 10.31 Circulatory System • http://educationportal.com/academy/lesson/the-humancirculatory-system-parts-andfunctions.html#lesson Video Quiz 1. Which of the following is true of the circulatory system? a. It allows for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. b. It is a closed system. c. All of the answers are correct d. It is how vital nutrients are supplied to the body. e. It can be thought of as two circuits in one. Video Quiz 2. What is the purpose of the systemic circuit? a. Pick up oxygen needed by the blood b. Supply oxygen- and nutrient-rich blood to the body c. Remove carbon dioxide from the blood d. Oxygenate the blood e. Carry blood to the lungs so carbon dioxide and oxygen can be exchanged Video Quiz 3. The circulation of blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs and back to the heart completes which circuit? a. The Cardiovascular Circuit b. The Systemic Circuit c. The Pulmonary Circuit d. The Circulatory Circuit e. None of the answers are correct Video Quiz 4. What is the job of the pulmonary circuit? a. To return deoxygenated blood to the heart b. To carry blood to the lungs so carbon dioxide can be released and oxygen can be picked up c. To supply your body with nutrients needed for cellular activity d. To carry oxygen to the trillions of cells in your body e. To pump the blood through your blood vessels Video Quiz 5. Which of the following is not considered a part of the circulatory system? a. Blood b. All of these structures are considered parts of the circulatory system c. Blood Vessels d. The Heart e. Lungs Bill Nye the Science Guy: Blood & Circulation • http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=playe r_detailpage&v=IloEyuUGIpU