Download Exam 1 Q2 Review Sheet

Exam 3 Q4 Review Sheet
Honors Biology
Exam 3 will cover:
Chapter 22: ALL including intro
Chapter 23: ALL including intro
1. Explain the function of organismal respiration (breathing).
2. Describe how cellular respiration and organismal respiration are connected.
3. Identify the three properties of a respiratory surface and explain why these three
properties are required.
4. Why do cells need a constant supply of molecular oxygen?
5. Where does the CO2 you breathe out come from?
6. Compare and contrast the four methods of gas exchange used by animal phyla.
For annelids make sure to address there shape and why they must live in moist
soil. For fish, include why the gills can be outside the body, the shape of the gills
and countercurrent. For insects and mammals, include why the respiratory
surfaces must be within the body.
7. Why would an insect drown even if its head is above water?
8. What is meant by ventilation? Explain why fish need to use more ATP to ventilate
their gills than we need to ventilate our lungs.
9. Describe how insect tracheal systems allow for a DIRECT exchange of gases
between the air and body cells while our lungs allow for an indirect exchange.
Include why a circulatory system is not required by insects and is required in
vertebrates.
10. Explain the function of air sacs in insects.
11. IMPORTANT: You are a molecule of oxygen (O2) in the air. A human being
contracts their diaphragm and you are sucked into the lungs and end up in a cell in
the pancreas as two water molecules. You need to describe your travels in details
including the path you take through the respiratory system, how you get into the
cardiovascular system, and how you get to a cell in the kidneys including your
passage through the heart and various arteries. Words that must be included are:
Diaphragm, bronchus, bronchioles, left atrium, left ventricle, iron, pulmonary
capillaries, pulmonary vein, aorta, trachea, larynx, renal artery, alveoli, diffuse,
respiratory surface, nasal cavity, red blood cell, hemoglobin, heme, ETC, reduced,
ATP, cellular respiration. You can use this website to help with flow of blood to
kidneys: https://secure.indiaherbs.com/Images2/cardiofy/cardiovascular_system_reduced.gif
12. IMPORTANT: You are a carbon in a molecule of glucose in a liver cell
(hepatocyte). Shortly later you are riding the air currents over Maine as a
molecule of CO2. Do the same as question 11, but now you must get out of the
body and into the air. Words that must be included are: Diaphragm, bronchus,
bronchioles, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary capillaries, pulmonary artery,
aorta, trachea, larynx, hepatic vein, alveoli, diffuse, respiratory surface, red blood
cell, hemoglobin, carbonic acid, H2O, nasal cavity, grooming, Krebs cycle,
glycolysis, cellular respiration. You can use this website to help with flow of
blood out of liver: https://secure.indiaherbs.com/Images2/cardiofy/cardiovascular_system_reduced.gif
13. Explain the function of the cartilage rings in the trachea and large bronchi.
14. Describe how the larynx is involved in generating sound.
15. Describe emphysema and how people get this disease in detail.
16. How can one get cancer from smoking or breathing in the smoke of burning
leaves like those from the tobacco plant.
17. What is meant specifically be the term “breathing”. Explain how we breathe
(negative pressure breathing).
18. What is the “vital capacity” of the lungs and how do you think the vital capacity
will differ from some who exercises often and someone who doesn’t on average?
19. Where are the breathing control centers located in the body?
20. IMPORTANT: You go out for a jog and within a minute or so your breathing rate
increases. Explain exactly how this happens. Be sure to include the following
terms: bicarbonate, pH, H2O, CO2, carbonic anhydrase, red blood cell (RBC),
medulla, neurons, diaphragm, cellular respiration, Krebs cycle, grooming, ATP,
muscle contraction.
21. Hyperventilation before diving enables divers to stay down longer, but it is
extremely dangerous resulting sometimes in shallow water blackout and then
death. Explain why they are able to stay under water longer and why it is so
dangerous. Include: CO2, pH, medulla, diaphragm, O2. See this article for
information: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shallow_water_blackout
22. Describe the three methods by which CO2 can be transported in the blood (you
should have done this in question 12 already).
23. In Utero (in the uterus and also the title of an incredible Nirvana album), the
infant’s diaphragm does not contract. Describe how the human fetus gets oxygen
and nutrients, and gets rid of waste products like CO2 and urea if it is not
breathing. Be sure to explain the structure of the placenta, diffusion and why the
blood of the fetus and mother do not mix.
24. A fetus needs different hemoglobin than the mother called fetal hemoglobin. It is
similar to adult hemoglobin, but a different gene is used to make two of the four
subunits. Explain why this other form of hemoglobin is required. Do you think it
would be required if maternal and fetal blood physically mixed? Explain.
25. Describe the function of a circulatory system (why do certain organisms need one
and others do not?).
26. Identify the various types of substances that the circulatory system transports.
27. If you make an analogy of our country being like a human organism, the
circulatory system would be________________ and cars/trucks would be
____________.
28. Compare and contrast the following transport system: GV (gastrovascular cavity),
open circulatory system, closed circulatory system. Make sure you identify how
they work and which types of organisms have each.
29. How is an open circulatory system analogous to a swimming pool. Where would
the body organs/tissues be found? What would your pool pump represent? Use
this diagram to help: http://home.howstuffworks.com/swimming-pool.htm
30. A closed circulatory system is also know as a _________________________.
31. Diffusion of nutrients, gas, waste occurs in which of the following and why:
arteries, veins, arterioles, venules, capillaries.
32. How are arteries and veins different?
33. Make sure you can follow the flow of blood in the fish (Fig. 23.2C)
34. How does the fish cardiovascular system compare to that or vertebrates? What
would you need to do to simply turn a fish system into a vertebrate system?
35. Why do mammals require the extra blood boost between lung capillaries and
systemic capillaries? HINT: endotherm
36. What is meant by a “circuit” in the CV system? Compare the number of circuits
in fish and in mammals.
37. You are a red blood cell in the right atrium of the heart. Describe your adventures
through the CV system including where you pick up cargo and where you drop
off cargo. Include the following terms: right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle,
left ventricle, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, aorta, superior/inferior vena
cava, AV valve, semilunar valve, arterioles, venules, systemic capillary beds,
pulmonary capillary beds, O2, CO2, hemoglobin, and diffuse.
38. Compare and contrast the following in terms of structure and function: artery,
vein, capillary. Be sure to include the function of the smooth muscle and
connective tissue. Why do arteries have thicker smooth muscle than veins? Why
do capillaries lack smooth muscle all together and only have a basement
membrane? What is the function of the elastic connective tissue? Which two
tissue layers are common to all vessels?
39. Describe the cardiac cycle. Make sure to identify the two phases, how long each
phase lasts, what is happening during each phase.
40. What is meant by “cardiac output”? What is the average cardiac output of
humans? How would you predict a runners cardiac output compare to the cardiac
output of a non-runner?
41. Explain how the heart’s pacemaker works and how the contractions of the heart
relate to the signals received by an ECG. What type of cells make up the
pacemeker? Why would you expect the brain to increase heart rate when the pH
of the blood falls?
42. Explain how an artificial pacemaker works and when one would be needed.
43. How is blood supplied to cardiac muscle cells (the heart)?
44. Explain how one would get a heart attack and what a heart attack is. Why does a
heart attack result in permanent damage? Identify the symptoms of a heart attack.
45. Explain how a stroke occurs and the outcome of having a stroke.
46. What is meant by cardiovascular disease
47. Identify the leading cause of death in the United States
48. How does atherosclerosis relate to heart attack and stroke? What causes
artherosclerosis?
49. What is meant by thrombosis.
50. What is an embolism?
51. Describe what a thromboembolism is and how it might cause a stroke or heart
attack.
52. What is meant by an aneurysm and why might they be dangerous?
53. Explain how blood returns to the heart in veins when the pressure in veins is low
compared to that or arteries.
54. Describe how varicose veins form.
55. Be able to label all diagrams.
MAKE SURE YOU KNOW EVERY BOLD WORD IN EVERY SECTION ASSIGNED
AS WELL AS THE TITLES OF EACH SECTION AND FIGURES/TABLES IN EACH
SECTION.
Essay Question (30 pts)
After digesting and absorbing nutrients from some high protein plant material like beans,
amino acids are now in the capillaries of the small intestines. One of these amino acids,
the one you will focus on, will be burned to make ATP. At the same time, you take a
breathe to bring in molecule oxygen so that the amino acid can be burned. While
breathing in the oxygen, you also breathe in some bacteria that get caught in your trachea.
Describe the process by which the molecule oxygen gets into your blood and the bacteria
end up broken down by your digestive system. Now that molecular oxygen and the amino
acid are in your blood, have them get to a cell in your kidney. Remember that the amino
acid must first go to the liver for special treatment… Describe the path the oxygen and
amino acid take to end up in the kidney and then very quickly mention how ATP is
formed. The following words should be included in your essay: larynx, pharynx, alveoli,
bronchioles, bronchi. Trachea, diaphragm, capillaries, nasal cavity, intercostal muscles,
red blood cell, hemoglobin, heme, iron, deamination, facilitated diffusion, simple
diffusion, pulmonary veins, pulmonary arteries, aorta, inferior vena cava, left atrium,
right atrium, left ventricle, right ventricle, atrioventricular valve (or tricuspid/mitral
valve), semilunar valve (or pulmonary/aortic valve), renal artery, glycolysis, Krebs, ETC,
H2O, reduced, oxidized, phosphorylated, ADP, ATP, hepatic portal vein, hepatic vein.