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Nonverbal communication 2
• 1. Basic cues:
– Facial expresion
– Gestures
– Postures
• 2. Haptics
1.1 Facial expression
• The human face is so mobile that it can
effortlessly register boredom, surprise,
affection, and disapproval one after another
in a few seconds.
• Facial cues are the single most important
source of nonverbal communication.
• Woodworth, Experimental psychology
(1938)
• Nonverbal cues can clearly express seven
basic emotions:
– Happiness (joy), surprise, fear, sadness,
anger, scorn (disgust) and emotional interrest
in somethink/somebody
Facial emotional expression
Recognition of basic emotions
• Basic emotions individuals express usually
spontaneously.
• They are distinguishable by majority of
observers.
• Timbre of voice, paralingvistic ques (voice
qualities – pitch, range, resonance, lip control,
articulation control,tempo and fluency,noises
without linguistic structure, such as crying,
laughing).
Recognition of basic emotions from
voice and facial expressions
• Facial expressions inform better about our
emotions than our voice.
• Emotion of happiness is the most easy to
recognition than the other facial expressions.
• Emotion of scorn is more difficult to
recognition than the other facial expressions.
Fear
• We can better to control facial expression
than voice.
• Diaphragm, breathing – voice vibration
Intercultural comparation
• P. Ekman conducted comparation of facial emotional
expressions in all cultures
(P. Ekman a W. Friesen, Unmasking the face, Englewood Cliffs, (NJ, USA),
Prentice Hall, 1975)
• In some respect, expressive facial behavior is
constant across cultures.
• People in all cultures are able to recognize from
fatial expression four emotions:
fear, malevolence, sadness, pleasure
1.2 GESTURES
• Gesticulation
– accompanies speech, emphasizes meaning
of message (illustrative gestures) or
– substitute a word or claim (semantic
gestures)
Types of gestures:
• Symbolic gestures
– They represent ideas and thoughts. However, the same
gestures can have different meaning in particular cultures.
• Technical gestures
– There are used in some professions (sailors, firemans …):
The others do not understand to thwm.
• Code gestures
– Symbolic languague (e.g. Morse alphabet)
• „Authoritative gestures“
– Empahasize meaning of the words and tempo of speech.
These gestures are often used by professional speakers.
Gesticulation of speaker
Speaker’s gesture: openness
• Open offer. To demonstrate honesty. „Let
me speak openly…“
Speaker’s gesture: attack
• Offensive, an attack with arguments, great agressivity.
Verbal sting.
Control of emotional expresions
• Training in control of emotional expression
• Control of all part of our body during strong
emotional reaction is almost impossible.
• Displacement activity.
1.3 POSTURES
• Barriers
• Control of space
Sources and functions of barriers
• Rejection of communicatin
– An individual makes impossible others to
iniciate a contact.
• „Hiding place“
– fear, anxiety, social stress
• Camouflage
– Flirtation, the goal is not to make a contact
impossible, conversely, to elicite an interest.
Rejection of a contact
• Individuals use for the rejection of the contact
various physical barriers including their own
body.
• They use verbal and nonverbal cues, but
nonverbal cues can be more unambiguous and
effective.
• Barrier is physical (to hide behind a real physical
object) or symbolic.
Barriers
• Biological basis of berriers – to protect
important parts of body :
• Hands: head, face, heart
• Legs: genitals
Barriers tools:
by hands
•
•
•
•
Hands are crossed before the body
Shield mouth.
Shield whole face
Shield eyesight.
Barriers
• Interpretation: Women does not believe herself,
low selfconfidence, she does not leave the chair
(Thiel,1993)
Barriers
• Interpretation: He does not believe you.
Hands crossed before the body–
double-faced communication
Barriers
• Interpretation: Striked selfconfidence. The man needs a
hiding place. He is in the centre of the attention.
Hands crossed before the body – a social
event
Barriers in important people
Shield mouth
Barrier tools:
Legs
• Barriers by legs crossing
• Parallel legs and hans crossing is more
expressive.
Barrier tools:
Body declination
• This posture express rejection of a contact.
• Individual hides behind an imaginary
barrier.
Barrier tools:
Objects in the role of barriers
• Public transport: newspaper, book
• Smoking – the barrier created by a smoke,
the individual is a less visible
• Women – knitting, fan (long-ago)
Tools for control of a space
• „Dictatorial“ posture
Haptics
(contact,tactile behavior)
• Touch is one from the most basic form of
communication in animal.
• Bodily contact is the most basic form of
cummunication.
• Intimate behavior
• Touch besides intimate behavior.
Contact and distance beings
• Animals differ each others in a need of in physical
contiguity (proximity).
• Contact animals
– např. rodents, monkeys, human beings
• Distance animals
– some birds, some mammals
• During evolution for human beings the touch
communication had been very important.
• Modern-day humans less depend on touch
communication. They become to be more distance
beings.
Intimate zones and taboo
• Some zones of human body are „taboo“
for individuals of the same sex.
• But in some circumstances it is allowed
for individuals of the opposite sex to
touch.
• Those zones are reserved only for
intimate contacts.
Intimate zones and taboo , Lewis, 1989
Function of the hand in contact
behavior
• Hand is important in the initializing of
physical contact.
• The roots of this behavior - old ritual,
individual shows that he has not a
weapon in his hand.
Information, which a hand gives.
• Physical appearance of a hand:
– Appearance of a hand informs about genetics
characteristics and way of live.
• Tactil percept of a squeeze – sponginess or
hardness of a hand. It informs about a job (blue
colar, white colar).
• The level of wetness or dryness
– Dry hand with even squeezing - self-trust
– Wett, cold hand - stress, anxiety
Information, which a hand gives.
• Force of a squeeze – men x women
• Duration of a squeeze of the
• Averadge duration app. 5 sec, 4-5 shakes
– Shorter squeeze – a lack of interes
– Longer squeeze – greater interest
– To long squeeze – intrusiont, impossibility to
escape
– Individual has to feel that he/she can terminated
contact and escape. Otherwise he/she feels
threatened. Innate reaction.
Style of hand shaking