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The LHC:
Search for Elementary Building Blocks in Nature
Niels Tuning (Nikhef) 13 Nov 2012
Particle Physics
Study Nature at distances < 10-15 m
10-15 m
atom
nucleus
Quantum theory describes measurements down to 10-18 m
(Compare: 10+18 m = 100 lightyears)
Powers of ten…
Universe
1026 m
Spider
10-2 m
Galaxy
1021 m
Atom
10-10 m
Solar system
1013 m
Nucleus
10-15 m
Earth
107 m
Collisions
10-18 m
Particle Physics
Questions that were asked for over 2000 years…
 What are the elementary building blocks of matter?
 What are the forces that act on matter ?
400 v.Chr.
Demokritos
atom
1687
Newton
forces
1864
Maxwell
electromagnetism
1905
Einstein
All…
Why fundamental research?
Fundamental research
– Can lead to surprises,
• Sometimes even useful…
“Without general
relativity, the GPS
would be wrong by
10km/day !”
Why fundamental research?
Fundamental research
– Leads to useful spin-off
• Medical
• Internet
• Educating scientists for society
(Philips, ASML, etc, etc)
PET scan
www
Our knowledge in 2012
http:// pdg.lbl.gov
Elementary particles
up
down
up
up
Proton
down
electron
up
down
down
Neutron
What can you make out of 3 building blocks?
periodiek systeem
van Mendeleev
Everything!
Elementary particles
leptons
quarks
Not 1 generation, but 3!
I
II
III
u
c
t
d
e
(1976)
(1995)
s
b
(1947)
(1978)
m
t
(1895)
(1936)
(1973)
ne
nm
nt
(1956)
(1963)
(2000)
Is this everything?
leptons
quarks
Generation:
I
II
III
Charge
u
c
t
+2/3 e
d
e
(1976)
(1995)
s
b
(1947)
(1978)
m
t
-1 e
0e
(1895)
(1936)
(1973)
ne
nm
nt
(1956)
(1963)
-1/3 e
(2000)
Matter
•Fundamentele deeltjes en deeltjesversnellers
Anti-matter
Revolutions early 1900:
– Theory of relativity
– Quantum Mechanics
Paul Dirac (1928): relativistic quantum theory!
For every matter particle there is
an anti-matter particle!
Anti-matter particle:
• Same mass
• Opposite electric charge
leptons
quarks
Elementary particles
I
II
III
Charge
u
c
t
+2/3 e
d
e
(1976)
(1995)
s
b
(1947)
(1978)
m
t
-1 e
0e
(1895)
(1936)
(1973)
ne
nm
nt
(1956)
(1963)
(2000)
Matter
-1/3 e
leptons
quarks
Elementary particles
I
II
III
Lading
Lading
I
II
III
u
c
t
+2/3 e
-2/3 e
u
c
t
-1/3 e
+1/3 e
d
s
b
t
d
e
(1976)
(1995)
s
b
(1947)
(1978)
m
t
-1 e
+1 e
e
m
0e
0e
ne
nm nt
(1895)
(1936)
(1973)
ne
nm
nt
(1956)
(1963)
(2000)
Materie
Anti-matter
How do you make anti-matter??
Albert Einstein:
E=mc2
Matter + anti-matter= light !
(and vice versa)
e+
ee+ e-
Anti-matter in hospitals:
the PET-scan
+

ee

What are the big questions?
I. What are the big questions? “Anti-matter”
Where did the anti-matter disappear?
No anti-matter found
with satellites
No anti-matter
galaxies
II. What are the big questions? “Higgs”
Mass of particles
Neutrino’s
Electron
Amazing prediction:
The Higgs boson:
provides the ‘formula’ to give
particles mass!
Muon
Tau
up,down, strange
charm
Top quark
bottom
III. What are the big questions? “Dark matter”
Temperature fluctuations
Rotation-curves
structure formation of galaxies
Gravitational lens
What is
dark materie ?
We only studied 4% of the universe!
What are the big questions?
Higgs??
(what makes particles heavy?)
Anti-matter??
(where did it go??)
Dark matter??
(what clustered the galaxies??)
Astronomy
Particle
Physics
Fundamental
(curiosity driven)
research
•Waar is de Anti-materie heen?
The biggest microscope on earth
the Large Hadron Collider (LHC)
at CERN in Genève
The LHC accelerator
Geneve
The Large Hadron Collider
LHC: 27 km
Geneve
A10: 32 km
Amsterdam
The LHC machine
Energy is limited by power of 1232
dipole magnets: B= 8.4 T
40 million collisions per second
Beam 1
Beam 2
100.000.000.000 protonen
Classical collisions
Quantum mechanical collissions
proton
proton
Colliding protons
•Niels Tuning Open Dag 2008
What do we expect?
Since 30 years there are very
precise predictions!
Our language
Standaard Model
Lagrangiaan
SU(2)L U(1)Y  SU(3)C

Bladmuziek (J.S. Bach)
How do we discover new particles?
At the LHC at Cern:
1) Transform energy into matter
Create new particles!
How do we discover new particles?
At the LHC at Cern:
1) Transform energy into matter
2) New particles change accurate
predictions
LHCb
ATLAS
CMS
ALICE
2) New particles change
accurate predictions
1) Transform energy
into matter
LHCb
ATLAS
The LHCb Detector
23 sep 2010
Run 79646
19:49:24
Event 143858637
LHCb: study B decays
1) Find differences between matter and anti-matter
b
s
s
b
b
s
2) Find new particles
μ
μ
LHCb: study B decays
B0s→μμ?
2) Find new particles
B0s→μμ
b
s
μ
μ
LHCb: study B decays
B0s→μμ!
Only 3 out of 109 B particles decay to two muons
Prefect prediction!
Do new particles exist?
b
s
μ
μ
ATLAS: What does a collision look like ?
quark
quark
Simulation top quark production
quark
proton
elektron
proton
neutrino
quark
Biggest camera on earth
position and
momentum of
charged particles
magnet
muon detector
magnet
energy electrons and photons
energy of “quarks”
human
The Atlas pixel detector
80 MegaPixel camera 40.000.000 foto’s per seconde
The Atlas Muon Detector
Nikhef
CERN
mens
How is a discovery made?
New ?
Normal
muon
muon
muon
?
muon
How many Higgs bosons were
produced at the LHC up to now
proton
proton
If the Higgs does not exist
0
How many Higgs bosons were
produced at the LHC up to now
proton
proton
If the Higgs does exist
mh = 120 GeV:
mh = 200 GeV:
120.000
60.000
Higgs  ZZ  4 muons
very few…
120.000 Higgs bosons
Z
higgs
Z
hZZ  l+l-l+l-
• Only 1 in 1000 Higgs bosons
decays to 4 muons
• 50% chance that ATLAS detector detects them
60 Higgs  4 lepton events
l+
peak !?
ll-
l-
Higgs  2 photons
foton
higgs
foton
hγγ verval
peak!
Presentation CMS en ATLAS experiment: Higgs boson discovery
4th July 2012
Search for elementary building blocks of Nature
Big questions
What is dark matter?
Where did the anti-matter disappear?
What makes particles heavy?
[email protected]
END