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Direct Results
of the Crusading Era
Results of the Crusades
• Failures
– Jerusalem was in Moslem hands
– Christian pilgrims became fewer and more fearful
than ever
– The Moslem powers, once tolerant of religious
diversity, had been made intolerant by attack
– The effort of the popes to bring peace and unity to
Europe had been thwarted by nationalistic ambitions,
avarice, and internal dissension
– The influence of the Catholic Church and the position
of the pope declined and the schism between the
Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic Church
widened
Results of the Crusades
• Failures
– Moslem civilization had been victorious over Christian
civilization
– Indigenous eastern Christians were caught in the
middle between Crusaders and Moslems, and many
who were outraged by the excesses of the Crusaders
or who wanted to avoid persecution by Moslem
leaders who saw them as collaborators with the
Crusaders converted to Islam
• In fact, the Crusades ironically proved instrumental
in making the eastern Mediterranean
predominantly Moslem
Results of the Crusades
• Successes
– Serfs had used the Crusades to leave their
lands and many found new opportunities
– The Turkish capture of Constantinople was
delayed until 1453
– The Moslems, even though victorious, had
themselves been weakened, and fell more
easily when the Mongols attacked
• Remember from Lesson 21
– Trade and exploration were enhanced
Trade
• Italian traders obviously
benefited from supplying the
Crusades while they were
going on, but they also saw
an opportunity to expand
their market by establishing
direct trade with the Moslem
world
• The lucrative trade provided
great profit to the Italian citystates and ultimately
provided the economic basis
for the Italian Renaissance
we’ll discuss in Lesson 24
Lorenzo de Medici was part of a
family that ruled Florence and
served as bankers for the
Crusades and patrons of the
Renaissance
Trade
• The most important trade
item were spices
– Other items included
cotton, linen, dates, coral,
pearls, porcelain, silk, and
metal goods
• Damascus was a key
center for industry and
commerce and a stopping
point for pilgrims on their
way to Mecca
Egyptian scarf or garment
fragment ca 1395
Trade
• European Christians also became exposed to new ideas
as they traveled throughout the Mediterranean basin
– The works of Aristotle
– Islamic science and astronomy
– “Arabic” numerals which the Moslems had borrowed
from India
– Techniques for paper production which the Moslems
had learned from China
• While the Crusades may have largely failed as military
adventures, they helped encourage the reintegration of
western Europe into the larger economy of the western
hemisphere
Extended Results of the
Crusades in Europe
EXTENDED RESULTS OF
THE CRUSADES
1. ECONOMIC GROWTH
– As the Europeans gained knowledge of the
East they desired items such as spices, luxury
goods, sugar, citrus fruits, cotton cloth,
carpets, paper, glassware and precious
stones.
2. TECHNOLOGY
– Technology such as gunpowder, and new
navigation and sailing methods were
introduced to the Europeans.
3. CULTURAL DIFFUSION
– New ideas were exchanged as Europeans
saw in the East a prosperity with which
they were not familiar, such as great cities,
active trade and industry, and
achievements in the arts and sciences.
Many of these discoveries were brought
back to Europe.
Chemistry / Algebra
Arabic numbers…
1,2,3,4…
4. A RISING MIDDLE CLASS
– Throughout Europe trade increased,
money increasingly replaced bartering,
urban populations grew, and a new social
class arose (the middle class). This class
was composed of merchants, bankers, and
professionals. This class would play an
integral role in the future of western
Europe.
5. INCREASED POWER TO KINGS
(… at least until the Magna Carta)
– As the nobles sold off their lands to kings
to pay for their journeys to the Holy Land,
the monarchs gained more power.
Merchants that favored the stability of a
monarch favored the monarchy over the
power of nobles.
6. THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH GAINED
MORE POWER
– The Crusades provided political power and
wealth to the Catholic Church. The church
was able to have a great influence over
monarchs and the people of Europe.
7. THE STATUS OF WOMEN
IMPROVED
– As they managed the family property while
male members were off at war, women
gained respect and knowledge in running
the estates of Europe. Many women joined
their husbands on the Crusade as well.
8. ITALIAN CITY-STATES FLOURISHED
– Italian city-states such as Venice flourished
and became wealthy selling supplies and
providing ships to transport the crusaders
to the Holy Land.
What did Europe gain from
contact with the Muslim
East?
*New Farming ideas and animals:
Windmills, mules, donkeys, Arab horses
*New good from the East:
Cotton, Oil, spices, perfumes, figs, plums,
melons
*Knowledge:
decimals, geometry, algebra, medicine,
biology, astronomy, military science
Crusading in Western Europe
Results of the Reconquista
The Reconquista of Spain
• The Christians did have
better success wresting
Sicily and Spain from the
Moslems in actions
separate from the Crusades
• Sicily was regained
relatively easily
– Moslems had conquered it in
the 9th Century but in the
1090, after about 20 years of
fighting, Norman warriors
returned it to Christian hands
• Spain would be a bit more
of a challenge
The Reconquista of Spain
• Moslems invaded the Iberian Peninsula in the early 8th
Century and ruled all but small Christian states such as
Catalonia
• In the 1060s Christians began attacking outward from
these toeholds
The Reconquista of Spain
• By 1150 Christians had recaptured Lisbon and controlled
over half the peninsula
• These successes lured reinforcements from England and
France and a new round of campaigning in the 13th
Century brought all but Granada into Christian hands
• In 1492, Christian forces conquered Granada and the
Reconquista was complete
Immediate Impact of the
Reconquista
• After the successful
Reconquista, the
devoutly Christian rulers
of Spain and Portugal
were eager to dominate
the Islamic states in
North Africa and to
convert non-Christians
• The desire to spread
Christianity would be
one of the motives for
the European
explorations we’ll
discuss in Lesson 25
1492 was the year of both the
completion of the Reconquista and
Columbus’ voyage to the New
World
Results of the Crusades
I.F. Turks Traveled they would Trade
• I = Improvements – Ships, Maps, Explorers
• F = Feudalism declines because Feudal lords die or
spend too much money on military.
• T = Turks still rule the Holy Land
• T = Travel – Europeans want to travel more
• T = Trade – Europeans want product from the East
such as sugar, cotton, silk, spices, etc.
World Impact of the Crusader Era in
Europe
THE AGE OF EXPLORATION