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SOCIALIZATION
 Socialization is the process
through which people learn the
expectations of a society
 Basic intent of Socialization is to
pass on culture from one
generation to the next
 Agents of Socialization are those
who pass on social expectations
SOCIALIZATION
– The lifelong social experience by which
individuals develop their human potential
and learn patterns of their culture
– PERSONALITY
– A person’s fairly consistent patterns of
thinking, feeling, and acting
– COULD A PERSON’S PERSONALITY
DEVELOP WITHOUT SOCIAL
INTERACTION?
What are we born
with?
•Clean slate
•Noble savage
The following may be innate:
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• Drive for
Importance of
dominance
family
• Sharing
Ethnocentrism
• Abilities
Variation in
–physics
intelligence
–biology
Ideas of purity,
–numbers sense
beauty, and rank
–logic
Language
–psychology
How do we know what we
know?
• Studies of isolated children
• Studies of institutionalized
children
• Animal studies
–Harlow monkey studies
• Twin studies
Are we prisoners of our socialization?
Self
• Nature vs. Nurture
• Society makes us human
• Ability to see ourselves from the
outside
• Our picture of how others see us
• Environment affects socialization
• Continual Process throughout life
Charles Horton Cooley
• Looking Glass Self
• Social mirror
• Socially created self
1. Imagine how we
appear to others
2. Interpret others’
reactions to us
3. Develop a self-concept
George Herbert Mead
• Play is critical to
development of self
• Learn to take the role
of other
• Three stages
–Imitation
–Play
–Games
Roles begin as superficial
Become internalized
The “other”
Significant Other
individual who significantly
influences another
Generalized Other
norms, values, attitudes and
expectations of people “in general”
• I / Me
• “I”-represents the spontaneous, unique,
and natural traits of the self.
• “Me”-represents the social part of the
self, the internalized demands of
society and the individual’s awareness
of these demands.
Mead’s Concept of Self= 2 Parts
The “I”
The “me”
-part of self that is
spontaneous,
-part of self created
unpredictable, & creative
through socialization
-acts in extreme situations of
-predictability and
rage to excitement
conformity come from
the “me”
but also …
“I” and “Me”
constantly interact in
social situations …
Who’s in charge?
• The first reaction comes from the “I”
• BUT before we act, the response is
channeled through the socialized “me”
• Typically, the “I” takes the “Me” into
account (thinks about consequences)
BUT, humans are NOT always predictable
• Therefore, the “me” is NOT always in
charge!
Jean Piaget
• Development of reason
• Problem-solving
–Sensorimotor (birth-2)
–Preoperational (2-7)
–Concrete operations (7-12)
–Formal operations (12 +)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9yhXjJVFA14
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yxo8zkgd07E
Sigmund Freud
• Humans are savage and
society tames our wildness
• Id
• Ego
• Superego
Lawrence Kohlberg
• Development of Morality
• Preconventional: follow rules
to stay out of trouble (7-10)
• Conventional: follow norms
and values (age 10)
• Postconventional: abstract
principles
• Carol Gilligan questioned whether results
would be the same for girls
Gender Socialization
• Boys
• Girls
Family
Peers
Media
Agents of Socialization
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Family
School
Peer group
Sports Teams
Mass media
Workplace
Religion
Melvin Kohn
Social Class affects
socialization
Working Class
Middle Class
•Conformity
•Curiosity
•Obedience
•Self-expression
•Initiative
Socialization Through the
Life Span
• Childhood
• Adolescence
• Young adulthood
• Middle age
• Older years
Resocialization
• Anticipatory
socialization
• Total Institutions
–Total control
–Isolation
–Degradation
ceremony
Development of Self