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"CLIMATE, AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY: A LOOK INTO THE FUTURE"
Agrometeorology
Activities at the European and COST level
Pavol Nejedlik
"CLIMATE, AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY: A LOOK INTO
THE FUTURE" Florence, IT 24.10.2016
AGROMETEOROLOGY - DEFINITIONS
  Branch
of meteorology dealing with agriculture
  Study
of use of weather and climate information to enhance or
expand agricultural crops and/or to increase crop production
  Science
investigating the meteorological, climatologic and
hydrologic conditions which are significant for agriculture
owing to their interaction with the objects and processes of
agricultural production
3 pages definition in “Applied Agrometeorology” edited by K. Stigter
"CLIMATE, AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY: A LOOK
INTO THE FUTURE" Florence, IT 24.10.2016
AGROMETEOROLOGY
An interdisciplinary holistic science
bridging together physical and biological
science it has numerous applications in
agriculture, resource utilization and
management.
(Mavi & Trupper, Agrometeorology, 2004)
"CLIMATE, AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY: A LOOK
INTO THE FUTURE" Florence, IT 24.10.2016
Starting period of agrometeorology –
irrigation systems in Egypt and Mesopotamia
90% of Egypt is desert or semi-arid
land. The flooding of the Nile River was
benign, predictable, and timely. The
annual inundation of the River Nile
enabled irrigation possible surrounding
the banks of the Nile river, an otherwise
barren desert region.
The development of irrigation systems in
Mesopotamia and Egypt between 4000
BC and 2000 BC, and large-scale work
on the construction of canals, outfalls,
and flood pools stimulated the
emergence of exact sciences.
"CLIMATE, AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY: A LOOK
INTO THE FUTURE" Florence, IT 24.10.2016
Agrometeorology as a science in Europe
First “agrometeorological model” - Reaumur (1735) :
“Differences between years and locations in date of phenological
events could be explained by differences in daily temperatures from
arbitrary dates to the phenological event considered”.
He proposed that plant development is proportional to the sum of
temperature over the time rather than to temperature during the
phenological phase itself (degree day concept).
Academia dei Georgofili 1753
"CLIMATE, AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY: A LOOK
INTO THE FUTURE" Florence, IT 24.10.2016
AGRICULTURAL METEOROLOGY
as a science discipline
Sir John Stuart Forbes of Pitsligo
1804-56
“The facts (about temperature) are all important in the estimate of the effects of temperature upon
vegetation, and give a new and practical direction to our observation in the science of meteorology
as applicable to agricultural produce”.
"CLIMATE, AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY: A LOOK
INTO THE FUTURE" Florence, IT 24.10.2016
CAP-EU AGRICULTURAL POLICY – RECENT DECADES
CAP principles: market unity, community preference and financial solidarity (1962)
The crisis years I: regulation of the market, to promote professional ability of farmers
1970s
The crisis years II: EU self-sufficiency in food products, environmental sustainability of agriculture, disorder
1980s
in the market with agricultural commodities
The 1992 reform: ("MacSharry reform"), to improve the competitiveness of EU agriculture,
agri-environment programme
Agenda 2000, Reform 2003: more market orientation, integration of environmental concerns,
enhancing the competitiveness of the farm sector, sustainable agriculture
The CAP post-2013: more sustainable EU agriculture, more targeted and equitable direct payments
"CLIMATE, AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY: A LOOK
INTO THE FUTURE" Florence, IT 24.10.2016
Path of European Agrometeorology within CAP
COST
National activities
Technological development,
practical applications
JRC
Monitoring at continental scale,
MARS, EDO
WMO (CAgM) – DMCSSEE, RA VI
"CLIMATE, AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY: A LOOK
INTO THE FUTURE" Florence, IT 24.10.2016
Scientific co-operation,
technological improvement,
transfer of technologies
National activities in Agrometeorology
Theoretical and monitoring
advancement
Penman-Monteith equation
(1965)
Support to
developing
countries
Technological development,
practical application
Decision support
Yield forecasting
Land zonation
`School of de Wit in modelling
(1965)
BACROS, SUCROS,
WOFOST, MACROS
Rene Dumont,
Kees Stigter
Automatic irrigation systems
Adverse weather warning&protection
systems
Remote sensing introduction
"CLIMATE, AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY: A LOOK
INTO THE FUTURE" Florence, IT 24.10.2016
Agrometeorology in JRC – main products
Monitoring
Agriculture
Remote
Sensing
Agricultural Monitoring
Crop Yield Forecasting
Global Food Security
​Agricultural Biodiversity
Rural Development
Climate Change
Earth Observation
-Started in 1988 as an support instrument for CAP of the EU
-Since 1993 technical support services to DG Agriculture
and Member-States
-Since 2000, the expertise in crop yields has been applied
outside the EU
"CLIMATE, AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY: A LOOK
INTO THE FUTURE" Florence, IT 24.10.2016
Agrometeorology in JRC – main products
European
Drought
Observation
EDO INDICATORs
Combined Drought Indicator
Daily Soil Moisture
Daily Soil Moisture Anomaly
Forecasted Soil Moisture Anomaly
SPI at SYNOP stations interpolated
Snowpack Indicator
Vegetation Productivity Vegetation
Productivity Anomaly
-First interoperability arrangements for EDO in 2010
-European Media Monitor
-Time-series over Europe
"CLIMATE, AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY: A LOOK
INTO THE FUTURE" Florence, IT 24.10.2016
Maps of Current Droughts in Europe
1st ten-day period of October 2016
Agrometeorology in COST – COST Actions
1 instrument
C
Phase 1 Intergovernmental agreement – 1971
O-operation in
Phase 2 At the EC/DG research/ - 19...eighties
Science and
Phase 3 At the ESF 2004-13, supported by EC
Phase 4 2013 => legal body, supported by EC
Technology
A
C
T
I
O
N
COST is still functioning as an intergovernmental agreement closely cooperating with the EC
"CLIMATE, AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY: A LOOK
INTO THE FUTURE" Florence, IT 24.10.2016
Agrometeorology in COST – Agrometeorological Actions
Meteorology in COST– success stories
Action 70 on weather forecast => ECMWF
Action 725 on Phenology => European phenological database
Actions dealing with Agrometeorology
Action 77
Action 79
Action 711
Action 718
Action 725
Action 734
Action ES1106
2 new proposals for Actions concerning Agrometeorology:
CROP RISK, Drought Monitoring Virtual Centre for Central Europe
"CLIMATE, AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY: A LOOK
INTO THE FUTURE" Florence, IT 24.10.2016
COST 77
Application of remote sensing in agrometeorology
Duration 1994-1998, 13 participating countries
Objectives: to develop methods utilizing remote sensing data for predicting microclimate and
plant characteristics in agriculture
COST 711
Operational applications of meteorology to agriculture, including horticulture
Duration 1994-1998, 17 participating countries
Objectives: to achieve major economic benefits by the better utilization
of the simulation and understanding
atmospheric processes in operational weather services
"CLIMATE, AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY: A LOOK
INTO THE FUTURE" Florence, IT 24.10.2016
COST 79
Integration of data and methods in agroclimatology
Duration 1994-1998, 15 participating countries
Objectives: availability of data and models and by what ways they can be integrated in a synergy for
practical use
Topics and results:
-Inventory of International Meteorological Databases for Assessing Agroclimatic Conditions in Europe
- Comparison of several Interpolation Methods of Meteorological Data
-Phenological Observations and Data for Key Agricultural Crops
"CLIMATE, AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY: A LOOK
INTO THE FUTURE" Florence, IT 24.10.2016
COST 718
METEOROLOGICAL APPLICATIONS FOR AGRICULTURE
Duration 2000-2005, 21 participating countries +WMO+JRC+FAO
Objective: to improve the meteorological applications to agriculture and environment protection
identifying and defining the requirement in terms of scale and time resolution and
end-users' needs
Main results:
-Use of Meteorological Information from Different Sources as Input in Agrometeorological Models (guide)
-Practical comparisons of the skill of numerical weather models at local scale
-Climatic Analysis and Mapping In Agriculture
-Evaluation of Irrigation and Pest and Disease Models
"CLIMATE, AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY: A LOOK
INTO THE FUTURE" Florence, IT 24.10.2016
COST 725 - PEP
Establishing a European Phenological Data Platform for Climatological Applications
Duration 2004-2009, 27 participating countries +JRC
Objective: to establish a European reference data set of phenological observations that can be
used for climatological purposes, especially climate monitoring, and detection of
changes
Main results:
-pan European phenological database with an open, unrestricted data access for science, research and
education – over 8 million records (transformed to PEP725, supported by EUMETNET)
-Summarizing the History and Current Status of Plant Phenology in Europe (published)
-Guidelines for plant phenological observations accepted by WMO (WCRP / WCP)
-Recommended application methods of phenological data
"CLIMATE, AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY: A LOOK
INTO THE FUTURE" Florence, IT 24.10.2016
COST 734 - CLIVAGRI
ASSESSMENT OF EUROPEAN AGRICULTURE WATER USE AND TRADE UNDER
CLIMATE CHANGE
Duration 2006-2011, 29 participating countries + WMO+JRC
Objective: to evaluate possible impacts from climate change and variability on agriculture
and the assessment of critical thresholds for various European areas
Main results:
-Survey of Agrometeorological Practices and Applications in Europe regarding Climate Change Impacts
-Agroclimatic conditions in Europe under climate change (published)
-Definition of harmonised criteria to evaluate the impacts of climatic change and variability on agriculture
-Use of satellite data the Assessment of Climate Change and Variability Impacts on Agriculture
"CLIMATE, AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY: A LOOK
INTO THE FUTURE" Florence, IT 24.10.2016
COST ES1106 - EURO-AGRIWAT
ASSESSMENT OF EUROPEAN AGRICULTURE WATER USE AND TRADE UNDER
CLIMATE CHANGE
Duration 2012-2016, 30 participating countries +WMO
Objective: to deliver integrated methodologies and databases for the European wide
assessment of water use and trade associated to key food and energy crops at
different spatial scales under current and future climatic conditions
Main results:
-Inventory of existing models, tools and methodologies applied in water footprint WF assessment
-Data, tools and methodologies to evaluate water use and virtual water trade
-Evaluation of the most suitable methodologies for addressing WF and VWT at the European scale
-Evaluation of the potential of remote sensing to improve the WF assessment
"CLIMATE, AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY: A LOOK
INTO THE FUTURE" Florence, IT 24.10.2016
Future of European Agrometeorology?
Trends in agricultural management – adaptations to climate change impacts
Major world initiative – Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS)
GFCS areas: Agriculture and food security
Disaster risk reduction
Water
Health
European initiative – European Research Area for Climate Services (ERA4CS)
A.1: Research in support of the development and deployment of Climate Services
A.2: Integration and application of Climate Science for decision making
A.3: Research for co-development of advanced Climate Services
"CLIMATE, AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY: A LOOK
INTO THE FUTURE" Florence, IT 24.10.2016
Thank you
"CLIMATE, AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY: A LOOK
INTO THE FUTURE" Florence, IT 24.10.2016