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Chapter 3 Biological Basis for Understanding Psychotropic Drugs Function of the Brain • Maintenance of homeostasis • Regulation of autonomic nervous system (ANS) and hormones • Control of biological drives and behavior • Cycle of sleep and wakefulness Function of the Brain Continued • • • • Circadian rhythms Conscious mental activity Memory Social skills Cellular Composition of the Brain Neurons • Respond to stimuli • Conduct electrical impulses • Release chemicals – Neurotransmitters Cellular Composition of the Brain Continued • Presynaptic neuron synapse postsynaptic neuron • Transmitter destruction – Enzymes – Reuptake Neuronal Action Neurons can release more than one chemical at the same time • Neuropeptides – Long-term changes in cells • Neurotrophic factors – Proteins – Gases • Effect of steroid hormones Major Areas of the Brain • Brainstem • Cerebellum • Cerebrum Function of Brainstem • Core – regulates internal organs and vital functions • Hypothalamus – basic drives and link between thought and emotion and function of internal organs • Brainstem – processing center for sensory information Function of Cerebellum • Regulates skeletal muscle – Coordination and contraction – Maintains equilibrium Function of Cerebrum • • • • • Mental activities Conscious sense of being Emotional status Memory Control of skeletal muscles – movement • Language and communication Visualizing the Brain • Structured imaging techniques – Computed tomography (CT) – Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) • Functional imaging techniques – Positron emission tomography (PET) – Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) Antianxiety and Hypnotic Drugs • Benzodiazepines – – – – Diazepam (Valium) Clonazepam (Klonopin) Alprazolam (Xanax) Lorazepam (Ativan) Antianxiety and Hypnotic Drugs Continued – – – – – Flurazepam (Dalmane) Temazepam (Restoril) Triazolam (Halcion) Estazolam (ProSom) Quazepam (Doral) Antianxiety and Hypnotic Drugs Continued • Short-Acting Sedative-Hypnotic Sleep Agents (“Z-hypnotics”) – Zolpidem (Ambien) – Zaleplon (Sonata) – Eszopiclone (Lunesta) Antianxiety and Hypnotic Drugs Continued • Melatonin Receptor Agonist – Ramelteon (Rozerem) • Buspirone (BuSpar) Antidepressant Drugs • Typical or standard antidepressants – – – – Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) Amitriptyline (Elavil) Imipramine (Tofranil) Nortriptyline (Pamelor) Antidepressant Drugs Continued • Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) – – – – – – Fluoxetine (Prozac) Sertraline (Zoloft) Paroxetine (Paxil) Citalopram (Celexa) Escitalopram (Lexapro) Fluvoxamine (Luvox) Antidepressant Drugs Continued • Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs) – Venlafaxine (Effexor) – Duloxetine (Cymbalta) Antidepressant Drugs Continued • Serotonin-Norepinephrine Disinhibitors (SNDIs) – Mirtazapine (Remeron) Antidepressant Drugs Continued • Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) – Phenelzine (Nardil) – Tranylcypromine (Parnate) – Selegiline (ENSAM) Other Antidepressant Drugs • Bupropion (Wellbutrin, Zyban) • Trazodone (Desyrel) Mood Stabilizers • Lithium • Anticonvulsant drugs – – – – – – Valproate (Depakote, Depakene) Carbamazepine (Tegretol) Lamotrigine (Lamictal) Gabapentin (Neurontin) Topiramate (Topamax) Oxcarbazepine (Trileptal) Antipsychotic Drugs • First-Generation or Conventional Antipsychotic Drugs • Strong antagonists (blocking agents) – Bind to D2 receptors – Block attachment of dopamine – Reduce dopaminergic transmission First-Generation or Conventional Antipsychotic Drugs Continued • Antagonists of receptors for – Acetylcholine – Norepinephrine – Histamine Atypical Antipsychotics (Second-Generation) • Bind to dopamine receptors in the limbic system – Preferentially over dopamine receptors in neostriatal areas of basal ganglia – Decrease motor side effects Atypical Antipsychotics Continued • • • • • • Clozapine (Clozaril) Risperidone (Risperdal) Olanzapine (Zyprexa) Ziprasidone (Geodon) Aripiprazole (Abilify) Paliperidone (Invega) Other Drugs • For Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) – Methylphenidate (Ritalin) – Dextroamphetamine (Adderall) – Atomoxetine hydrochloride (Strattera) Other Drugs Continued • For Alzheimer's Disease – – – – – Tacrine (Cognex) Donepezil (Aricept) Galantamaine (Razadyne) Revastigmine (Exelon) Memantine (Namenda) Herbal Medicine • Major concerns – Potential long-term effects Nerve damage Kidney damage Liver damage – Possibility of adverse chemical reactions With other substances With conventional medications Print master • Your Text here • Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. 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