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AP United States History Unit 2 A New Nation America after the Revolution Growth of Nationalism. Defined. Unlike other revolutions, nationalism develops during the conflict with Britain, but not before it. The Spirit of ‘76 http://www.fifedrum.org/webring/spiritof76_medium.jpg Pride in or devotion to one’s country. Common sacrifices, experiences, and battles help to solidify America. America after the Revolution Colonists think of themselves as a separate society. Distinct from Europe based on society, economics, and attitudes. No landed nobility, no kings, and a belief in the equality of man. More educated and liberal. Many come from the middle-class. Benjamin Franklin http://www.synthstuff.com/mt/archives/ben_franklin.jpg America after the Revolution Local ties remain predominant. Map of the 13 Colonies http://www.gibbs-smith.com/textbooks/downloads/13colonies/map.gif Most Americans still consider themselves as citizens of their states, not as Americans. Belief that the sovereignty of the state was more important than that of the power of the central government. Would prove to be a problem later. America after the Revolution United in name only. Issues included: Western land claims. Slavery. Issues with foreign nations and Indians. Prewar and postwar debts of individual states. Merchants and producers vs. agriculture. Interstate trade. Second Continental Congress http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/declara/images/committ.jpg The Articles of Confederation Origins First incarnation of our national government. Articles of Confederation http://www.constitutioncenter.org/timeline/flash/assets/asset_upload_file755_11927.jpg The Articles of Confederation Origins Drawn up by John Dickinson of Pennsylvania. Originally made the federal government strong, provided a bill of rights, and created a system of taxation. Most Americans were still advocates for the state being stronger than the central government. Delegates to the Convention chop it up, making the Articles weaker. The Articles of Confederation Origins Ratification required by all thirteen states, would not be finalized until 1781. John Dickinson http://www.billofrightsinstitute.org/Instructional/Resources/C onstitutionDay/FoundersGallery/dickinson.jpg The Articles of Confederation Western Land Claims The “landed” states had overlapping claims, causing tension. The “landless” states did not want to be left out. Believed that the monopolization of Western lands would create dissent and imbalance in the Union. Landed states agree, Jefferson’s Conception of the NW Territories http://www.jlindquist.com/OM2images/jefferson.gif but declare that all land claims are void. The Articles of Confederation Key Rights in the Articles Each state receives one vote regardless of size. Limits to national power are contained in Article 2. “Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independence, and every Power, jurisdiction, and right, which is not by this Confederation expressly delegated to the United States, in Congress assembled.” No right to tax individuals or states. Relied on the states for yearly contributions. Major weakness of the United States under the Articles of Confederation. The Articles of Confederation Powers of Congress Declare war. Make treaties. Establish a postal system. Coin and borrow money. Regulate Indian affairs. Unicameral legislature. Articles of Confederation http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/constitution/images/fig2.jpg The Articles of Confederation Process for Enacting Laws One state, one vote. 9 of 13 needed to approve laws. No process for amendment. The Articles of Confederation Executive Powers No separate executive branch. President appointed by Congress. Has no true power. Samuel Huntington, First President of the Confederation http://www.huntington.tierranet.com/bios/images/sam4.gif The Articles of Confederation Judicial Powers None provided for a national government. Only state courts have judicial power. Creates chaos. Lady Justice http://www.co.yuma.az.us/LD/graphics/ladyjustice260_570-2.gif The Articles of Confederation State Powers States retain all powers not specifically granted to Congress in the Articles. Patrick Henry http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/0/25/henry_1_lg.gif The Articles of Confederation State Constitutions Republican based. Did not drastically alter from colonial laws, with the exception of no outside controls. Three branches. Executive, judicial, legislative. Power concentrated in the legislature. Can declare war, conduct foreign relations, and control courts. Only tax-paying landholders could vote. The Articles of Confederation State Constitutions People are citizens, not subjects. A majority of the state constitutions contain a bill of rights, enumerating the rights guaranteed all citizens under law. liberty Bell with First Flag http://images.jupiterimages.com/common/detail/06/15/23431506.jpg The Articles of Confederation State Constitutions Drafted written constitutions. Based on colonial experience, the British system, the Enlightenment, and Greco-Roman traditions. Social contracts spelling out the powers and duties of the government. Wanted them to be written. Believed that unwritten constitutions, such as the British one, caused too much controversy and led to the Revolution. Triumph of the Articles Land Ordinance of 1785 Divided up and provided the Western lands for sale by the federal government. Ensured orderly development of the West. Provided a simplified plan for dealing with frontier defense. Set aside land in each new township for the building of schools. Draft of the Land Ordinance http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/images/767.jpg Triumph of the Articles Northwest Ordinance Drafted by Thomas Jefferson, set down into law how new states would be admitted into the Union. Northwest Territory http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/9/9e/Northwest-territory-usa-1787.png Triumph of the Articles Northwest Ordinance The Northwest Territory could be carved into no less than three and no more than five states. Northwest Ordinance http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/Images/northwest.gif When 60,000 people settled into one of the political subdivisions, the territory could petition Congress to become a state. Slavery is prohibited. People living in the territories are to be considered citizens of the United States and not treated as second-class citizens. Problems Under the Articles Border Problems with Britain & Spain Britain refuses to evacuate Western posts, as per the Treaty of Paris. Causes many problems with Britain and disrupts trade. Britain felt that the American government was not upholding the clause about supporting British debt collectors. Treatment of a British Loyalist http://www.whereistheoutrage.net/wordpress/wp- Problems Under the Articles Border Problems with Britain & Spain Spain and Florida, Alabama, and Mississippi. Spain Spanish Louisiana Regiment http://www.somosprimos.com/sp2005/spoct05/Louisianasoldiers..JPG captures American territory (the city of Natchez). Closes the Mississippi River to American commerce, hurting Western farmers. Problems Under the Articles Foreign Trade Was excluded from the British imperial trade union. Policy of mercantilism still exists, Britain shifts its focus on its other colonies. Merchants in New England suffer because they cannot participate in trade. British merchants flood American markets with cheap goods. Creates a depression in America as many domestic industries fold. Seal of the British East India Company http://www.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/gallery/East-West/images/India_04_obv.gif Problems Under the Articles Economic Problems Congress and debt. Could not pay off debts. National depression caused by lack of trade, cheap foreign goods, and stingy states. War veterans were not provided for. Robert Morris Financier of the Revolution http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=62612&rendTypeId=4 Inflation. Problems Under the Articles Shays’ Rebellion Massachusetts legislature is determined to pay its debt by collecting back taxes, seizing the land of debtors, and sending people to prison. Poor western farmers organize under war veteran Daniel Shays and forcibly prevent courts from holding sessions. Impact: Many Americans feel that the nation is on the brink of collapse. Shays’ Rebellion http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d7/Shays.jpg Merit Point Question #1 The measure passed by the Confederation Congress prohibiting slavery in the Western territories above the Ohio River was the A. Northwest Ordinance. B. Treaty of Paris of 1783. C. Articles of Confederation. D. Homestead Act. E. Proclamation of 1763. Merit Point Question #2 The group most likely to approve of the Articles of Confederation would be A. former officers in the Continental army. B. those who feared strong central government. C. those who held U. S. government securities. D. bankers, merchants, and financiers. E. those who feared the dangers of unrestrained democracy. Merit Point Question #3 One of the chief reasons for the failure of the Articles of Confederation was A. their lack of an adequate mechanism for Congress to force states to comply with its decisions. B. their focus on the separation of powers within the federal branch of government. C. their failure to adequately curb the powers of the executive branch of government. D. their failure to provide women and free blacks with the right to vote. E. their strict tax collections provisions.