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1 DUGGA 2 HT 2011 16 november (från beteende till kognition, 15 hp) Gazzaniga kap. 1(G:1) How would you describe cognitive neuroscience ? (s. 16 “summary”). G: 2 What are: 1) Neurons ? (different morphologies/sizes/locations); 2) action potentials; 3) neurotransmitters (synaptic transmission), and 4) agonists (s. 57-58) G:3 The CNS is composed of ? (brain and spinal cord; neurons and glia cells + cerebrospinal fluid and blood); Name at least 6 examples of cerebral structures/regions and tell me (briefly) the functions of each one of them (s.107). G:4 Discuss pros and cons for using new imaging techniques when investigating brain functions. (sid.163). G: 8 Mrs B is on sick leave because of stress. What types of memory dysfunctions can we expect and why? (s 331). Due to loss of memory Mr Adams is brought to the hospital. He is not really sure where he is, and as to why. However, he has no problem to tell the examiner his name and his address. He also has retrograde amnesia. Neuropsychological testing reveal difficulties in generating words that begin with a certain letter. Within 2 days Mr Adams memory problems have resolved. When might this temporary loss of memory be manifested, and what characterizes retrograde amnesia? (s. 327). Which one of the lobes is dysfunctionel since Mr Adams has a problem when it comes to generating words? (frontal lobe) G: 9 “Peter is playing with his best friend Toby. Suddenly Bert, Toby´s dog, rushes towards Peter who becomes very afraid” . Peter loves dogs, and yet, Bert is 2 extremely afraid of Bert. Discuss this emotional reaction in terms of emotional learning and memory including anatomical cerebral structures (s.375-376). Indicate the possible neural bases for fear, anger, sadness, and disgust (s. 382-384) G:11 What neuropsychological functions are lateralized within the brain? (s. 471-473) There are two different pathways that control facial expressions. Tell me how they differ in terms of anatomical pathways, type of facial expressions, and pathology. (s. 459-hö-kolumn + Figure 11.14) G: 13 What is cognitive control? (“…..refers to mental abilites…..”s. 596 under rubriken “take home messages”). Imagine that you are planning for a dinner party. Describe the components and the relevant cerebral anatomical structures/regions to be used for successfully achieving the goal (s. 572 -573). G: 15 Which are the three observations that led to Darwin´s theory of evolution by natural selection? (1.variation within a population; 2. Some of this variation is inherited; 3.variation in reproducibility – not all are as succesful- s. 641). What is natural selection? (s. 634- första raderna….) Artikel: Social Cognition In what way has the brain evolved according to the Social Brain Hypothesis (SBH)? The SBH proposes that ecological problems are solved socially and that the need for mechanisms that enhance social cohesion drives brain size evolution. In contrast, the more conventional ecological hypotheses assume that animals solve these same ecological problems individually by trial and error learning and do not rely on any form of social advantage. The broad interpretation of the social brain hypothesis is that individuals living in stable social groups face cognitive demands that individuals living alone (or in unstable aggregations) do not. To maintain group cohesion, individuals must be able to meet their own requirements, as well as coordinate their behavior with other individuals in the group. They must also be able to defuse the direct and indirect conflicts that are……