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The Great Green Wall for the Sahara And the Sahel Initiative Results of the AU-EU study to assess the scope and pre-feasibility please do not copy without Anne Woodfine and Sandrine Jauffret acknowledging source Specific Objectives / Objectifs spécifiques The study assessed the: • main characteristics • institutional setup • governance • potential initial partner countries • partners and synergies • links to other relevant initiatives also • possible sources of funding (EC, MS and other) • best modalities to ensure efficient implementation and sound participatory approaches L’étude a évalué: • Les principales caractéristiques • Le montage institutionnel • La gouvernance • Les pays partenaires initiaux potentiels • Les partenaires et les synergies • Les liens avec les initiatives pertinentes Ainsi que: • Les sources possibles de financements (CE, EM et autres) • Les meilleures modalités pour assurer la mise en œuvre efficace et les approches participatives pertinentes please do not copy without acknowledging source Issues / Questions Unsustainable land management practices, including: • continuous overstocking and overgrazing of rangelands; • continuous cropping, with reductions in fallow and rotations, repetitive tillage and soil nutrient mining; • rangeland burning; • over-exploitation of woodlands; • fire in woodlands. Les pratiques de gestion des terres non durables comprennent : • Surpâturage et surexploitation des parcours par le bétail • Culture continue, réduction des jachères et des rotations, travail répété du sol et perte de nutriments du sol • Feux de brousses • Surexploitation des terres arborées • Feux sur les terres arborées please do not copy without acknowledging source Leading to / Conduisant à • degradation of ecosystem services • loss of agrobiodiversity and wild biodiversity • decreases in productivity (of arable and rangelands) • poor harvests • food shortages • poor living conditions and poverty. • Dégradation des services des écosystèmes • Perte d’agro-biodiversité et de la biodiversité sauvage • Diminution de la productivité (des terres arables et des parcours) • Moissons pauvres • Nourriture insuffisante • Conditions de vie pauvres et pauvreté please do not copy without acknowledging source Context / Contexte GGWSSI is: • Priority Action 2 of the Africa – EU Partnership on Climate Change La GMVSS fait partie de : • L’Action prioritaire 2 du partenariat Afrique – UE sur le Changement Climatique please do not copy without acknowledging source CC in Africa / CC en Afrique Immediate: • Increased variability of weather Future warming estimates: • ranging from 0.2°C per decade to more than 0.5°C per decade • increase between 3 and 4°C by 2100 compared with the 1980-1999 • other experiments indicate higher levels of warming with the IPCC A1FI emissions scenario and for the 2070-2099 period up to 9°C for North African coast in June to August. also • long-term changes in rainfall patterns Dans l’immédiat : • Augmentation de la variabilité du temps Le réchauffement futur prévoit : • Une augmentation de 0,2°C par décades à plus de 0,5°C par décades • Une augmentation entre 3 et 4°C d’ici 2100 comparé avec la période 1980 – 1999 • D’autres expériences indiquent des niveaux plus élevés de réchauffement avec le scénario d’émissions A1FI du GIEC avec une augmentation de 9°C pour la côte Nord Africaine de juin à août au cours de la période 2070-2099 Ainsi que • Des changements à long terme dans les patrons pluviométriques please do not copy without acknowledging source Predicted Impacts of Climate Change on Agricultural Production / Impacts prévus des CC sur la production agricole Source: Cline 2007 please do not copy without acknowledging source Main Characteristics / Principales caractéristiques Evolution in thinking: • from a massive tree planting initiative to stop southwards spread of the Sahara • to a holistic and realistic set of initiatives to encourage adoption of SLM practices which: rehabilitate degraded crop, pasture, range and wood lands protect specific areas from sand encroachment contribute to adaptation (and mitigation) of climate change Évolution de pensée : • D’une initiative de plantation massive d’arbres pour stopper l’avancée du Sahara vers le Sud • À un set d’initiatives holistiques et réalistes pour encourager l’adoption de pratiques de GDT qui: Réhabilitent les cultures, les pâturages, les parcours et les terres arborées dégradées Protégent les zones spécifiques de l’ensablement Contribuent à l’adaptation (et l’atténuation) au changement climatique please do not copy without acknowledging source SLM / GDT “SLM is the crucial entry point for improving land resources resilience and productivity within the context of the potentially devastating effects of climate change in Africa” « La GDT est le point d’entrée crucial pour améliorer la résilience des ressources de la terre et la productivité dans le contexte des effets potentiellement dévastateurs du changement climatique en Afrique » please do not copy without acknowledging source SLM Practices • • Crop Management Mulch, Manure and Residue Management Crop Rotation Fallows Green Manures Crop Diversification / Inter-Cropping Conservation, Zero and Low Tillage Conservation Agriculture Organic Agriculture Avoiding Bare Soil Avoiding Burning Crop Residues Fertiliser Management IPPM Restoration of Natural / Near-Natural Vegetation Agro-forestry System of rice intensification” Biodiversity / Improved Genetic Complexity Protection of Wild Biodiversity (protected areas, wetlands…) Protection of Agro-biodiversity • Pasture and Rangeland Improvement Sustainable / “holistic” Grazing Management Silvo-pastoral Systems Enrichment Planting Limit Use of Fire in Range Management • Integrated Crop-Livestock Systems • Livestock Management Manure Management • Forestry Avoid Deforestation Re/Af-forestation Assisted natural regeneration Management of Deforested Land Fire Reduction • Improved Rainwater Management • Erosion and Depositional Control please do not copy without acknowledging source Main Characteristics / Principales caractéristiques • Promoting Sustainable Land Management • Knowledge Sharing • Effective institutional framework • Policy and legal environment • Capacity Development • Monitoring and Evaluation • Promouvoir la Gestion Durable des Terres • Partage des connaissances • Cadre institutionnel efficace • Environnement politique et légal • Développement des capacités • Suivi et Évaluation please do not copy without acknowledging source Governance / Gouvernance • at the political level by the Heads of State • the Steering Committee – Ministers of Environment, Agriculture, Forestry, who already meet twice yearly also • develop a network of technical experts keeping up-to-date electronically (email, telephone and video conferencing), meeting ad hoc around particular issues • Au niveau politique par les Chefs d’États • Le comité de pilotage – ministères de l’environnement, de l’agriculture et de la foresterie, qui se réunissent déjà deux fois par an Ainsi que • Développer un réseau d’experts techniques travaillant régulièrement par voie électronique (mail, téléphone, et visioconférence), réunions ad hoc autour de questions particulières please do not copy without acknowledging source Institutional Setup / Montage institutionnel Option 1 AUC CEN-SAD / OSS ECOWAS / CILSS West African countries UMA IGAD North African Countries please do not copy without acknowledging source East African Countries Institutional Setup / Montage institutionnel Option 2 AUC + CEN-SAD GGWSSI Co-ordination Unit OSS ECOWAS / CILSS West African countries UMA IGAD North African Countries please do not copy without acknowledging source East African Countries Institutional Setup / Montage institutionnel Option 3 AUC + CEN-SAD GGWSSI Co-ordination Unit OSS et al GGWSSI countries please do not copy without acknowledging source Institutional Setup / Montage institutionnel Option 4 AUC + CEN-SAD UNDP Drylands Development Centre (+ other technical inputs from OSS, CILSS, ICRAF, FAO, IUCN WISP West African countries North African Countries please do not copy without acknowledging source East African Countries Workshop Results Institutional Setup – Option 2 AUC + CENSAD GGWSSI Coordination Unit OSS ECOWAS / CILSS West African countries UMA IGAD North African countries please do not copy without acknowledging source East African countries A consensus around the following institutional Setup Option 2 Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats -Specific Coordination Unit for the Great Green Wall -Anchorage of the unit (AU or CENSAD) is not clear -AU and CEN-SAD are on the same level -Technical partners of the UN system and African technical partners are not mentioned -The respective roles of AU and CEN-SAD are not defined -ECCAS not included -Possibility to mobilise specific resources for the Great Green Wall -The coordination unit can create duplication with the existing structures -Fear of conflicts for the leadership at the highest level please do not copy without institutional setup An updated and consensual acknowledging source A consensus around the following institutional Setup AUC EC CENSAD GGWSSI Co-ordination Unit OSS, SAFGRAD, CILSS, ICRAF, FAO, UNDP, UNEP, IUCN… AMU North African countries ECOWAS / UEMOA ECCAS West African please do not copyCentral without African countries countries acknowledging source IGAD East African countries A consensus around the following institutional Setup AUC MS CENSAD GGWSSI Co-ordination Unit OSS, SAFGRAD, CILSS, ICRAF, FAO, UNDP, UNEP, IUCN… AMU North African countries ECOWAS / UEMOA ECCAS West African please do not copyCentral without African countries countries acknowledging source IGAD East African countries A financial mechanism to implement this institutional framework (* ensuring support reaches local land users + support for NGOs) European Union Commission EU Member States Phase I (2009 – 2010) Regional level : implementation GGWSSI coordination unit of the AU support / technical Technical assistant assistant National level : implementation of GGWSSI in Budget support * the countries Budget support * Phase II A (2010 – 2013) Regional level No more funding / Technical technical assistant assistant National level Budget support * Budget support * Budget support * Budget support * Phase II B (2014 – 2020) National level please do not copy without Evaluate financial needs for each phase acknowledging source Other Possible Sources of Funding • AU and Member States (“Dedicated Trust Fund”) • African Development Bank • Other development banks • Private Sector • PES (CDM, REDD, C seq.) please do not copy without acknowledging source Next steps at regional level • Implementation of the GGWSSI coordination unit • Set-up contractual mandates with the different institutions, in order to implement specific activities with defined time schedules in order to define the roles and responsibilities (perhaps through a Memorandum of Understanding). please do not copy without acknowledging source Next steps at regional level Activities Who Designation of CEN-SAD to host the GGWSSI coordination unit AUC Recruit staff and make available one EU technical assistant CEN-SAD + EC Put in place the steering committee CEN-SAD GGWSSI coordination Unit Promote and use the country strategic tool CEN-SAD GGWSSI coordination Unit, with the support of TerrAfrica and NEPAD Enhance the scientific and technical information and knowledge CEN-SAD GGWSSI coordination Unit + OSS + SAFGRAD + CILSS + ICRAF + FAO + UNEP + UNDP + IUCN… and national Universities / African excellence centres Disseminate the useful information to national / local levels CEN-SAD GGWSSI coordination Unit Identification and initiation of trans-boundary activities and programmes CEN-SAD GGWSSI coordination Unit + OSS + CILSS Develop regional investment programme CEN-SAD GGWSSI TerrAfrica / NEPAD ? Formulation and implementation of regional scientific research program, CEN-SAD GGWSSI coordination Unit + OSS + CILSS + UNDP… Conception and implementation/reinforcement of regional training networks CEN-SAD GGWSSI coordination Unit + ANAFE Conception and implementation of mechanisms for consultations and exchange of views CEN-SAD GGWSSI TerrAfrica + SolArid Development of stakeholder platform, resources mobilization and creation of a dedicated trust fund AUC, CEN-SAD GGWSSI coordination Unit + GM please do not copy without coordination coordination Need toacknowledging define the time schedule source Unit Unit + + Next steps at national level • In each country, a full design study should be undertaken with a view to defining the relevant activities to be implemented according to the country specificities. – Use the Country Strategic Tool (CST) developed by TerrAfrica • The design study will provide guidance to develop the concrete SLM activities in the pilot countries. please do not copy without acknowledging source Next steps at national level • The objective of the design study at national level aims to select the pilot areas (hot spots / priority areas) where the SLM activities should be promoted The design study must include: – a full review / the exhaustive mapping of institutions and of national policies and strategic frameworks (or update TerrAfrica CSIF-SLM when existing); – the definition of priority issues / main problems faced please do not copy without according to ecosystems / spatial diagnosis; acknowledging source Next steps at national level • The design study must include: – the definition of priority areas for implementation activities, defined nationally according to priority issues and relevance for improving livelihoods of local populations with regard to the most relevant SLM activities in each agroecosystem (crop, range, oases…); – the analysis of capacity building requirements/needs (training / awareness raising on SLM, CC, LD and BD) please do not copy without acknowledging source Next steps at national level • The design study must define in deep: – the content of the field interventions in consultation with local communities; – the choice of appropriate technical methods (including assessments of, for example, local profitability of planting IFTs etc); – the implementation of SLM and NRM activities – the design of the monitoring and evaluation system at national level and also participative community systems please do not copy without acknowledging source Potential Initial Partner Countries / Pays partenaires initiaux potentiels • • • • • • • • Algeria Burkina Faso Djibouti Ethiopia Mali Niger Senegal Tunisia • • • • • • • • Algérie Burkina Faso Djibouti Ethiopie Mali Niger Sénégal Tunisie please do not copy without acknowledging source Partners and Synergies / Partenaires et synergies • Decentralised authorities, farmers organisations, NGOs (local and international), private sector • National institutions (including universities) • UNCCD (implement the 10 year strategic plan) • UNFCCC • CAADP Pillars 1,3 and 4 • Autorités décentralisées, organisations paysannes, ONG (locales et internationales), secteur privé • Institutions nationales (incluant les universités) • UNCCD (mise en œuvre de la stratégie décennale) • UNFCCC • Piliers 1, 3 et 4 du PDDAA please do not copy without acknowledging source Links to Other Relevant Initiatives / Liens avec les autres initiatives pertinentes • • • • • • • NEPAD CAADP SolArid LADA AMESD MENARID WOCAT TerrAfrica • • • • • • • NEPAD PDDAA SolArid LADA AMESD MENARID WOCAT TerrAfrica please do not copy without acknowledging source Best Modalities / Meilleures modalités • • • • • • • • highest level (AU) political support intersectoral (agriculture, forestry, water, land, education, finance) “bottom-up” valorise local knowledge encourage farmer innovation focus on ensuring that land users gain rapid economic benefits, in addition to providing long term environmental sustainability communication at all levels, using a variety of media must be a key element of the GGWSSI include attention to national and international legal and policy issues • • • • • • • • Soutien du plus haut niveau politique (UA) Intersectoriel (agriculture, foresterie, eau, terre, éducation, finance) « de bas en haut » Valoriser le savoir local Encourager les innovations des agriculteurs Se focaliser sur la possibilité d’assurer aux utilisateurs finaux des bénéfices économiques rapides, en plus de fournir une durabilité environnementale à long terme La communication à tous les niveaux, en utilisant une variété de médias, doit être un élément clé de la GMVSS Porter une attention particulière aux questions/cadres politiques et légaux nationaux et internationaux please do not copy without acknowledging source Activities / Activités • Agroforestry • Conservation agriculture (also more composting, mulching, low tillage etc) • Holistic / sustainable rangeland management • Silvopastoralism • Assisted Natural Regeneration • Knowledge and communication • Agro-foresterie • Agriculture de conservation (plus de compost, paillage, peu de travail du sol etc.) • Gestion durable / holistique des parcours • Sylvopastoralisme • Régénération naturelle assistée • Connaissance et communication please do not copy without acknowledging source Energy / Energie • Fuel efficient stoves • Solar cookers • Other solar technologies • Jatropha • Fours à combustible efficaces • Cuisinières solaires • Autres technologies solaires • Jatropha please do not copy without acknowledging source Risks and Assumptions / Risques et Hypothèses • • • • Recentralisation Duplication High-Tech Agriculture Short-Term Funding --• Commitment and Ownership by Countries • Political Stability • Recentralisation • Duplication • Agriculture Haute – Technologie • Financements à court terme --• Engagement et appropriation par les pays • Stabilité politique please do not copy without acknowledging source Conclusions / Conclusions • • • • • • • • Initiative portée par l’Afrique African-led initiative • Focalisée sur les zones Focus on drylands sèches Focus on circum-Sahara • A long terme Long term • Focalisée sur des activités Focus on on-ground de terrain et la activities and communication communication • Contribue à l’adaptation au Contribute to climate changement climatique change adaptation • Atténue le changement Mitigate climate change climatique et unis les and unify nations to nations à sécuriser les secure benefits for soil C bénéfices de la sequestration séquestration du C dans le please do not copy without acknowledging source sol please do not copy without acknowledging source “The most significant activity that can be implemented over the next decades to mitigate (and adapt to) climate change in Africa is to increase the amount of biologically sequestered carbon in biomass and soil organic matter” (Guo and Gifford, 2002) please do not copy without acknowledging source Ensure a sustainable future for the children of the circum-Sahara please do not copy without acknowledging source • Thank you • Merci beaucoup Thank you Merci beaucoup please do not copy without acknowledging source