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Gender Roles and Sexuality Ethnic Variation • gender roles are a product of culture – cultural heritage, social & economic conditions • gender roles are not uniform – different ethnic groups define gender roles differently Gender Schema Theory • set of ideas we associate with males & females – behaviors, personality, appearance • influences how we process information – dichotomize information on the basis of gender – leads us to distort or fail to remember stereotype inconsistent information • indicates difficult, slow process of changing stereotypes Socialization • ways in which society conveys norms or expectations for behavior • socializing agents: parents, peer group, media – encourage conformity to gender role standards • although gender roles are universal (all societies have them), the content of these roles varies from one culture to the next, from one ethnic group to another, & from one social class to another Psychological Differences • physical & verbal aggressiveness – difference decreases with age • self-disclosure – changes among college students • understanding nonverbal behaviors Differences in Sexuality • masturbation • attitudes about casual sex • arousal to erotica ? • orgasm consistency • sex drive 1 Reasons for Differences • differences are real, but not as large as previously believed – self-reporting is shaped by cultural expectations • biological factors (anatomy & hormones) ? • cultural factors – double standard – gender roles – marital & family roles • other factors – fear of pregnancy – ineffective techniques of stimulating the woman – women’s inexperience with masturbation – “erotic dependency” Differences over the Life Span • peak of sexual interest, intensity, response – males in their twenties and declines – females in their thirties and maintain plateau • person-centered vs. body-centered sex – these patterns are culturally , not biologically, produced Transsexualism • transsexual: believes he/she was born with the body of the other gender (mtf, ftm) – transsexualism is a problem of gender and gender identity, not sexual behavior – gender reassignment process • counseling and evaluation • hormone therapy • real life experience • surgery (ftm change is more complex and less successful) • passing • majority of those who go through the entire process are satisfied with the outcome of their surgery • transgender: broader category of people (including transexuals) whose gender identity does not match their physical gender, but do not seek gender reassignment surgery – may prefer hormone treatments – may prefer to leave their body unaltered and consider themselves as third gender category • causes of transsexualism – no definite cause has been found – gender identity disorder found in children as young as 2 or 3 years old – mtf outnumber ftm by ratio of 2:1 2