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PP 03c-Gross anatomy, in more detail Brainstem • Structures: – Midbrain – Pons – Medulla Brainstem • Functions: – Genetically wired auto-control mechanism called __________ system, for • vital visceral functions such as ________ and ________ • With reticular projections form reticular activating system, that regulates arousal & consciousness, as they affect higher cortical functions such as thought and attention – Connection of cortex to sensory and motor areas of face and body • Ascending somato-sensory tracts • Descending motor tracts • Synapses in the brainstem occur in the cranial nerve nuclei (groups of cell bodies), which are part of the pathways important for speech and swallowing Reticular projections connect through thalamus = “gateway” to cortex Midbrain • Anatomy and functions: – Tectum • Superior colliculus - visual reflexes and eye/head/balance coordination • Inferior colliculus - audition – Tegmentum – Basis pedunculi includes substantia nigraParkinson’s disease – Red nucleus (rubro-spinal pathway) Pons • Function: – Regulation of sensorimotor and cranial nerve functions – Especially important for its connections to the cerebellum • Anatomy: – Middle cerebellar peduncle – Pontine tegmentum – 4th ventricle Medulla Oblongata • Functions • – Modulation of sensorimotor and cranial nerve activities and – regulation of vital (cardiac, swallowing, & respiratory) centers part of ______________ system Anatomy – Descending motor (pyramidal) tract – Ascending sensory tract – Inferior olivary nucleus (hearing) – Inferior cerebellar peduncle – Sensory decussation (contralaterality) – Pyramidal decussation (contralaterality) Cont’d • Spinal Divisions (31 Pairs of Nerves) – Cervical (n=8) – Thoracic (n=12) – Lumbar (n=5) – Sacral (n=5) – Coccygeal (n=1) Cerebellum • Function: – Modification of cortical motor functions (coordination) • Coordination of skilled motor activity with inputs from basal ganglia and cerebral cortex • – Maintenance of equilibrium, with inputs from the vestibular system Anatomy – Surface of gray matter & medullary core of white matter – Hemispheres – Lobes (anterior posterior & floccular nodular) – Cerebellar peduncles (superior, middle, and inferior) Cont’d • Cerebellar Peduncles – Connecting cerebellum with brainstem • Input to Cerebellum – Middle cerebellar peduncle- afferents from the motor cortex – Inferior cerebellar peduncle- afferents from trunk/limbs & vestibular information to cerebellum • Output from Cerebellum – Superior cerebellar peduncle- corrective feedback to opposite motor cortex, reticular formation & spinal cord Spinal Cord: Structure • Link between brain & body – Regulation of sensorimotor reflexes and autonomic activities – Foramen magnum- exit point – Afferent sensory fibers, connect to afferent white matter of interneurons – Efferent motor fibers, receive connections from efferent white matter of interneurons Spinal Anatomy • Internal Anatomy – Gray & white matters – Dorsal & ventral horns – Sensory & motor nerve fibers • Spinal Nerves – Dorsal & ventral rami Spinal Distribution • Dermatomal Representation – Cutaneous body region receiving its sensory innervation from one spinal nerve • Myotomal Representation – Muscles innervated by the motor neurons of a single spinal segment (indicated in orange, in figure on right) Spinal nerves (PNS) carry both sensory and motor impulses Think: Which nerves below are important for communication, and which spinal nerves do they emerge from?