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Fertile Crescent Empires Sumerians Babylonians Hittites Government Religion City/ State Dynasty Ruled by Warrior Chief Polytheism Deities Controlled Natural Forces ziggurat Writing Cuneiform Language Epic of Gilgamesh Math System based on the number 60 Still divide the day in 60 increments Math and Science Circle 360 degrees Developed Geometry City/State Hammurabi’s Code Codified Law system Followed Sumerian Religion Adopted Cuneiform Writing Perfected the Arch Ziggurats (Tower of Babel) Time keeping Centralized Gvt (empire) Indo European People Developed Law Code Polytheistic Theocracy (no separation between “church” and state) Adopted Cuneiform The Assyrians / Chaldeans Kingdom Relied on Military and terror for power Built temples for Sumerian Gods Adopted Cuneiform Horse Drawn Chariot Iron working Technology Phoenicians Nebuchadnezzar II built Hanging Gardens of Babylon Ziggurats Calendar based on the moon Empire based on Trade not military Built Colonies around Mediterranean Sea (Carthage) Polytheists Sacrifice to avoid disasters Developed the Phoenician Alphabet (modern alphabet based of Phoenician Alphabet) Expert Sailors Ship Builders Architecture (arches, ramps, columns) Arts Epic of Gilgamesh Standard of Ur Early Frescoes Painted in 3d Trade Traded textiles for metal, timber and stone Traded food surplus for raw materials such as copper, gold and wood Made Iron ornaments Iron used for tools and weapons Diffusion of their language to Greek, Hindi and Russian Sold Copper and bronze across Mesopotamia Great Library of Nineveh (20,000 Cuneiform Tablets including the Epic of Gilgamesh) System of Roads and Canals Collapse of Assyrian Empire caused trade routes to be rerouted through 2nd Babylon Used Purple dye Glass blowing Traded Goods, ivory carvings, silver work and slaves