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History of the Ancient and Medieval World Absolutism Prussia, Austria & Russia Walsingham Academy Ms. Hockaday Absolute Monarchs Foldable Tabs Key Concepts of Absolute Monarchy Pyramid Austria & Prussia Russia England Spain France Absolute Monarchs Foldable • What are the KEY CONCEPTS of Absolutism? – Absolute Monarch – Divine Right – Balance of Power – Dynasty Absolute Monarchs Foldable • Pyramid God King Ministers, advisers, secretaries, other employees Starter Determine which statement below you agree with THE MOST & explain WHY: A government leader should never have absolute authority A government leader can exercise absolute authority if it will help advance a country’s economy A government leader can exercise absolute authority when a country is under attack A government leader can exercise absolute authority whenever it will advance a country’s interests The New Monarchies • Machiavelli’s view of the successful ruler – The prince: agent of change in state formation – The need for unity, security and prosperity • “How to” model: Absolutism emerges on continent The monarch must break feudal ties to past • What to look for in the successful state The New Monarchies (cont.) • Church and nobility subordinated to monarch • Bureaucracy to supervise royal policies • Royal system of justice • Royal monopoly on military power • Dependable and adequate source of income Winners and losers in early modern Europe Thirty Years War (A Very Short Version) • WHY did it start? Religion—the HRE was no longer holy, Roman, OR an empire. • WHEN- 1618-1648 • WHO- Catholic European Nations v. Protestant European Nations • WHAT- A series of wars; started in Bohemia b/c Ferdinand (Catholic King) wanted to suppress the Protestants • WHERE- HRE (see map) • THE END- Peace of Westphalia: France gained land, Hapsburgs lost land, Netherlands & Swiss Federation won independence Austria & Prussia Overview Hapsburg wants to add new lands Too diverse (languages; customs; laws) and divided by geography Never developed a centralized govt. Key Individual: Maria Theresa: 1st female ruler of Hapsburgs lands Challenged by Frederick II; Maria sought help from Hungary, Britain and Russia (all did not want Prussia to gain more land) Accomplishments: improved tax collection (clergy & nobles had to pay) & reorganized bureaucracy Austria & Prussia Overview Hohenzollern Prussia a protestant state ruled scattered states across northern Germany Gained loyalty of nobles called Junkers Gave them military & government positions Key Individual: Frederick the Great: Ruthless leader who sought to gain lands for Prussia by any means Prussia and Austria will battle for German lands Seven Years’ War French & Indian War Review: Austria & Prussia (Use your foldable & answer the following questions) 1)What is meant by “absolute monarch”? 2)What is meant by “divine right”? 3) Why did the Thirty Years War happen? What ended the war? 4)Austria’s first _______ruler was: ________. What were some of this ruler’s accomplishments? 5)Frederick II was a ________ leader who sought to gain lands for ________ by any means. Russia: From Ivan the Terrible to Peter the Great • Ivan IV (“the Terrible”) –crowned the first czar (tsar) of Russia – Weakens nobles (boyars) and Church with his police force (Oprichniki) – Kills #1 son + precipitates dynastic crisis • Economic crisis ensues which leads to uprisings • 40 Years pass. Enter:… Russia: From Ivan the Terrible to Peter the Great Key Individual: Peter the Great – Young Peter hangs out & gets ideas. – Peter goes on tour to the West—learns many things: anatomy & about English Parliament – Brings this back to Russia (this is called…?) – Begins a process of westernization – Russians oppose this, so Peter becomes autocratic leader – Accomplishments: • Improved education • Improved waterways & canals • Built St. Petersburg Russia: Catherine the Great Key Individual: Catherine the Great – German princess married into the Romanov family – Husband assassinated – Also embraced westernization – Increased serfdom and class division – Accomplishments: • Codified laws • State-sponsored education for boys & girls • Reorganized government positions Review Russia- Identification Which monarch improved education for both boys and girls? Which monarch built St. Petersburg? Which monarch improved the waterways and canals? Spain: Charles V Key Individual: Charles V Grandson of Ferdinand and Isabella Ruled the Hapsburg (Included the Netherlands & the Holy Roman Empires) Empire Constantly fought to suppress Protestants Abdicated the throne and joined a monastery Gave Hapsburg lands to brother Ferdinand Gave Spain , the Netherlands , some Italian states, and Spain’s lands overseas to his son Philip Spain: Philip II Key Individual: Philip II Believed in divine right and that his greatest role was to defend Catholicism Major enemy was the protestant Elizabeth I To defeat her he created the Spanish armada More than 130 ships, 20,000 men, 2,400 pieces of artillery Lighter, faster English ships were victorious Winds scattered the Armada & they lost Philip II’s successor’s were not as strong-willed or strategic as he was Decline of Spanish Empire Beginning of the end for Spain—most of the $ was spent on the Armada Costly overseas ventures & wars drained Spain’s economy Expulsion of Muslims and Jews from Spain cost the Spanish able workers American silver & gold caused Inflation Other Europeans challenged Spain’s power England: The Tudors & Parliament The Tudors ruled from 1485-1603 Henry VIII gained power through the Act of Supremacy The Tudors often worked with Parliament—giving them more power Elizabeth I had a skill for working with Parliament and was a popular and successful ruler, earning her the nickname “Good Queen Bess” She died childless and her cousin James Stuart took the throne England: The Stuarts Key Individual: King James I (former King of Scotland) Believed in divine right Parliament disagreed & they constantly clashed over James requesting funds for his lifestyle lavish & war Parliament wanted to discuss foreign policy so James dissolved Parliament and collected taxes Clashed with dissenters called Puritans & threatened to take their lands or worse England: The Stuarts Key Individual: King Charles I (James’s son) Imprisoned anyone against him without a trial Needed Parliament’s help so they forced him to sign the Petition of Right Prohibited king from raising taxes & imprisoning people w/out Parliament’s consent King Charles signed but then dissolved Parliament 11 yrs he ignored Parliament until he needed them BUT they revolted This led to a Civil War in England between the Cavalier (supporters of Charles I) & Roundheads (supporters of Parliament) Eventually Parliament wins & executes Charles I England: The Stuarts Key Individual: King Charles II (Charles’s son) Was well liked Reestablished the Church of England & encouraged religious toleration of all Protestants Accepted Petition of Rights, but was a secret absolute monarch & had sympathy for Catholics Key Individual: James II Practiced Catholicism openly Changed laws whenever he felt like it Parliament invited James’s Protestant daughter Mary & her husband William III to become rulers of England When their army landed, James fled to France Glorious Revolution England: William & Mary and the English Bill of Rights Key Individuals: William and Mary Before they were crowned they had to accept the English Bill of Rights (limited monarchy) Superiority of Parliament over the monarch House of Commons had “power of the purse” Barred Roman Catholics from sitting on the throne Reinstated traditional rights of citizens (trial by jury & habeus corpus) Toleration Act of 1689 Only members of Anglican Church can hold public office Catholic not allowed religious freedom Limited religious freedom Assignments: Read the selection from Don Quixote by Miguel Cervantes (written during the Renaissance) on page 509 and answer questions 1 & 2 (Thinking Critically) in complete sentences. Read the selection from the English Bill of Rights on page 524 and answer questions 1 & 2 (Thinking Critically) in complete sentences. You may work on this with a partner and turn in one sheet with both partners name on the paper. When you finish (this is due BY THE END OF CLASS) complete your map which is also DUE TODAY If you finish the above, work on tonight’s homework or begin working on your project Review Spain & England 1) Which king abdicated the throne? 2) Philip II created what fleet of ships in an effort to defeat Elizabeth I? What was the outcome of this? 3) What contributed to the decline of the Spanish empire? 4) What was included in the Petition of Right? 5) What was the Glorious Revolution? 6) What were some items included in the English Bill of Rights? France: Henry IV Wars b/n the Catholic majority and Huguenots raged through France Huguenot Henry IV took the throne and converted to Catholicism but issued the Edict of Nantes to protect Protestants Accomplishments: Had royal officials that administered judges Improved roads & built bridges Agriculture improved Decreased influence of nobles Lead the foundation for absolute monarchy France: Influence of Others Key Individuals: Louis XIII & Cardinal Richelieu Louis XIII’s chief minister was Cardinal Richelieu The Cardinal made the central govt. stronger Gave nobles high posts at court & in the army (tying them to the king) Hand picked his successor to ensure that the next chief minister would continue to make the central government strong Read the Biography of Richelieu on page 511 & answer: What characteristics of Richelieu does the artist portray in this painting? France: “L’etat c’est moi” Key Individual: Louis XIV Experienced disorder (Fronde), when Mazarin died, Louis XIV ruled alone Took the sun as his symbol (agreed with his greatgrandfather Philip II’s style of ruling) Never called a meeting of the Estates General Appointed intendants (middle class men) Collected taxes Recruited soldiers & carried out policies in the provinces Finances Mercantilism Cleared land for farming Mined Overseas colonization France: Versailles Louis XIV’s palace Most magnificent building in Europe Symbol of the Sun King’s wealth & power Court Ceremonies Levée (rising) Revitalized the arts New forms of dance, drama & ballet gained popularity at French court Louis sponsored the French academies France: Decline Ruled for 72 years Was the strongest state in Europe under Louis XIV’s rule His wars drained France of their resources (The War of Spanish Succession against England) Persecuting Huguenots Revoked the Edict of Nantes This group fled to other nations and the French economy took a blow due to this loss of able workers France: Reflection Read page 513 and respond to the Thinking Critically Questions (1 & 2) Pick A Side: Was Louis XIV’s reign good for France? YES or NO? Support your response with at least THREE pieces of evidence using your text or more information from the internet. Your response should be written in complete sentences. Assignment 3: due Fri., 5/17 • Read text, pp. 530-535 • Complete Graphic Organizer • Identify all new terms • Complete Map Skills questions, pp 534 Peter the Great: St. Petersburg Commissioned by Catherine the Great, statue shows Peter as Roman hero (Consult NotesPage) Assignment 4: due Tues., 5/21 • Answer Comprehension and Critical Thinking questions, pp 535. • Answer questions Thinking Critically, Infographic, pp 532. • Complete Map • Auto-Test Catherine The Great (as Minerva) Patroness of Arts and Letters “philosopher on throne” Russia: Overland Voyages of Exploration Winners and Losers Explain Winners Losers Austria Poland Prussia Holy Roman Empire Russia Ottoman Empire Sweden Losing Out against Competition • Weakening of Monarchy (HRE and Poland) (It’s elective- why a bad idea?) – Poland disappears in 1795 as a result of actions by Russia, Austria and Prussia. – Napoleon abolishes HRE in early 1800s. What a long run – 800-1800 C.E.! • Ottoman Empire: Leadership problems (weak, decadent sultans) and falling behind in especially military technology) Winning States Central/Eastern Europe • In different ways, different degrees winners establish “service” states which reward “compliant” nobles and create new nobles. (almost no middle class) • Foreigners welcomed into state service- a modernizing force • Consciously imitating France, the benchmark autocratic state Big Future Issue: the Monarch vs. the State Make-up Participation Grade Identify and explain the significance of 5 of 6 terms 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Frederick II War of Austrian Succession Peace of Westphalia Electors Mercenaries Maria Theresa