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BIOL V04 Lecture: Animal Development (Campbell10-Ch 47short)
©2015
copyright Marta D. de Jesus
I. Animals are complex systems
A. preformation
B. epigenesis
C. modern
II. What is the overall sequence?
egg & sperm -> zygote ----------------> blastula -> gastrula ----------> larva -------------> adult
III. Early events
A. Fertilization
1. sea urchin version
a. acrosomal reaction
1) sperm enzymes
2) actin filaments
3) receptors
4) membranes fuse
fast block to polyspermy
b. cortical reaction:
cortical granules
receptor proteins
slow block to polyspermy
2. mammal version: differences
a.
b.
c.
B. Cleavage
1. holoblastic egg
a. frog version
b. yolk
1) vegetal pole
vs. animal pole
2) gray crescent
3) smaller cells
2. meroblastic egg
a. reptile & chicken version
b. insect version
3. morula
4. blastula
IV. Morphogenesis
A. Gastrulation in frog
1. cells
2. blastopore
3. layers
4. will become
a. ectoderm
b. mesoderm
c. endoderm
5. blastopore?
6. archenteron?
7. chicken
extraembryonic membranes
8. human
B. Organogenesis: only study these topics in section 47.2
1. neurulation
a. notochord
b. neural plate
c. neural tube
2. neural crest cells
3. somites
V. How did/do we study this?
A. (remember determination vs. differentiation)
B. starting in 1920s, fate maps
C. Spemann’s experiments
1. grey crescent study
2. moving blastopore dorsal lip tissue
3. more recent - chick embryo: zone of polarizing activity
D. cilia and cell fate
1. motile cilia
2. monocilia/stationary primary cilia
http://phys.org/news/2013-10-inheritance-primary-cilium-soul-cell.html
http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/the-primary-cilium-an-orphan-organelle-finds-14228249
E. observation of genetic developmental mutants (discussed previously)
Other interesting resources on organism development
Video: Your Inner Fish by Neil Shubin (2014)
http://www.pbs.org/your-inner-fish/home/
(Note: clips are available here from this PBS series but I don’t think they have entire episodes up for streaming
yet. They may be available at one of the services (Netflix, Hulu, etc.) and PBS is still selling the DVD.)
Lots of other class presentations on animal developmental biology:
eg: http://www.nicholls.edu/biol-ds/biol155/Animal%20Development.pdf
eg: http://classes.biology.ucsd.edu/bild10.WI08/documents/AnimalDevelopment.pdf
And a section in an online testbook:
http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/E/EmbryonicDevelopment.html
A few other prominent Evo Devo scientists
On the web: PZ Myers - Pharyngula blog
example: http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2008/02/17/plant-and-animal-development-c/
HHMI star: Sean B. Carroll
http://www.hhmi.org/research/genetics-and-evolution-animal-form
Book: Endless Forms Most Beautiful: The New Science of Evo Devo
Biology and Paleo: Kevin J. Peterson
http://now.dartmouth.edu/2011/10/kevin-peterson-the-evolution-of-a-paleontologist/
An account of the early evolution of the field
The evolution of evo-devo biology (2000)
http://www.pnas.org/content/97/9/4424.full