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NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION Definition 1. includes all nonverbal stimuli in a communicative setting generated by an individual and the individual's use of environment. 2. includes intentional and unintentional nonverbal messages. Functions of Nonverbal Communication Repeats Substitutes Accents Regulates Contradicts CHARACTERISTICS OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION Often culturally derived--can vary in meaning by culture. Often the opposite to the verbal message. Almost impossible not to use NVC. Up to 70 or 80% of communication, between native speakers, is NVC. In a cross-cultural interchange, nonverbals are even more important to understanding the total meaning... In contrast to spoken language, nonverbal language: . May or may not be systematized, no rules or regularity. Has no dictionary. Difficult to ask for clarification. . Generally impossible to control. . Nonverbal communication channels are natural, and not learned. II. Specific Nonverbal Components Proxemics The use of space in communication. There are 4 kinds of space: intimate, personal, social, and public. The following things factor into the use of space: age and gender, culture and ethical background, topic or subject matter, setting, physical characteristics of participants, attitudes and emotions, characteristics of interpersonal relationship, and personality. North American Office Japanese Office Haptics The use of touch in communications. Haptics or touch refers to communicating through the use of bodily contact . Some cultures are very comfortable with bodily contact; others avoid it. In gestures (1991), Roger Axtell has classified the following cultures as “touch” and “don’t touch. DON’T TOUCH Japan United States Canada England Avustralia MIDDLE GROUND France China Ireland İndia TOUCH Middle East Countries Latin Countries Italy Greece Some Assian Countries A different approach fromWatson, O. Michael,he has classified the following cultures as “contact groups” and “non contact groups” Contact groups: Arabs: Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Syria, United Arab Republic; Latin Americans: Bolivia, Cuba, Equador, El Salvador, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Venezuela; Southern Europeans: French, Italian, Turkish. Non Contact Groups: Asian: China, Indonesia, Japan, Phillipines, Thailand; Northern Europeans: Austrailia, England, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Scotland; Americans are also similar to this group; Indians and Pakistans Kinesics The use of your body in communication, or body movements. Kinesics, or body language, is one of the most powerful ways that humans can communicate nonverbally. It is used to portray moods and emotions and to emphasize or contradict what is being said. – 1. body gestures – 2. facial expression – 3. eye contact – 4. posture A. body gestures .Hand Gestures Hands and arms are used by most of us to communicate our thoughts, people rubbing arms together, keeping their arms closed, clinching the fists all these tell what the person has on his mind. Hand Gestures Do’s: • Don'ts: •gesture naturally •gesture nervously •gesture to reinforce your content tugging your ear scratching your arm licking your lips •keep your hands in any one position for too long fig leaf" parade rest" pocket change jingle" use stylized, constantly repeating gestures describing size or shape emphasizing an important point enumerating a list pointing to a specific item in your visual aid Palm Gestures People use two basic palm positions. The first has the palm facing upwards and os characteristics of the beggar asking for money or food. The second has palm facing down as if it is holding down or restraining. One of the most valuable ways of discovering whether someone is being open and honest or not, so to look for palm displays. When someone begins to open p or be truthful, he will expose all or part of his palms to another person. Like most body language, this is a completely unconscious gesture, one that gives you a felling or hunch that the other person is telling the truth. When a child is lying or concealing something, his palms are hidden behind his pockets when he tries to explain where he was. Thus the hidden palms may give wifes a hunch that he is holding back the truth. 'Dominant Palm Gesture' 'Submissive Palm Gesture' 'Authoritative Palm Gesture' Hand Shaking 'Normal hand shake' 'Dominant Handshake' 'Submissive Handshake' Leg Gestures Crossed-Leg Gestures The standard leg-cross position The American figure 4 leg lock position Standing leg cross gestures Smoking gestures Positive Attitude Negative Attitude B. Facial Expressions The face and eyes convey the most expressive types of body language. Research conducted by Leathers (1976) determined these ten types of meaning can be communicated by facial expressions;happiness, suprise, fear, anger, contempt, interest, bewilderment, and determination. C.Eye Contact The business gaze The social gaze The intimate gaze The Shut Others Gestures D. Posture Posture the way someone stands, sits or walks, can send positive or negative nonverbal messages Posture can convey self- confidence, status and interest Confident people generally have a relaxed posture, yet stand errect and walk with assuarance. Walking with stopped shoulders and slow, hesitating gait projects such negative messages as lack of assurance and confidence Chronemics The use of time in communication. Hall (1983) distinguished 2 patterns of time that govern different cultures: Monochronic Time Schedule and Polychronic Time Schedule Monochronic and Polychronic Monochronic Does one thing at a time. Time is very serious! Job tends to be more important than family even. Privacy is extremely important. Polychronic Does several things at a time. Time is important but not sacred. Family and interpersonal relationships are more important than work. Actively involved with others. -Works independentl (Latin Americans, (United States, Germany, Scandinavia and Switzerland. ) Mediterranean people, Arabians) -Seldom borrows or lends Beyond M- Time and P-time, Hall (1959) also differentiatesfive time intervals for arriving late for appointments mumble something time slight apology time midly insulting time rude time downright insulting time