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Material flows and resource
productivity - OECD work and
international developments
Conferenza “Impronta ambientale, analisi e
contabilità dei flussi di materia ed energia nel
contesto della sfida dell’economia circolare”
23 October 2015, Siracusa
Myriam Linster, OECD
OECD work on material flows and resource productivity
Background
• Initiated in 2000
• Embedded in work with environmental information and
reporting
– Data, reporting, information systems: since the late 1970s
– Accounting : since the mid-1980s
– Indicators: since the late 1980s
• Embedded in work on green growth
– Green growth strategy initiated in 2009, delivered in 2011
– Monitoring progress at core of strategy: frameworks and indicators
• Contributes to fact-based policy analysis and evaluation
– At core of the OECD’s metier, founded on solid information basis
– Country reviews: environmental performance reviews since the
early 1990s
– Environmental policies and economy-environment policy integration
2
OECD work on material flows and resource productivity
Demand and mandate
• Requests by OECD Council
– Council Recommendation (April 2004)
• Improve information and develop common measurement systems, including
accounts and indicators
– Council Recommendation (March 2008)
• Analysis of MF and environmental impacts
• Policies for improving RP
• Requests by G8 / G7 Heads of State and Government
•
•
•
•
2003 (Evian): develop common knowledge base
2004 (Sea Island): 3R initiative by Japan
2008: G8 Kobe 3R Action Plan  monitor progress with RP
2015: G7 initiative to establish a Resource Efficiency Alliance
OECD work on Material Flows and Resource Productivity
Purpose and foundations
• Recognition that
– Natural resources are fundamental for the economy and well-being
– Resource efficiency and sustainable use of natural resources are
central to green growth, to sustainable development and to ensuring
appropriate supply of resources
– Information exists on some resources: energy, water, forests
– But no integrated view of material flows, no good understanding of
the economy’s resource base, of factors that drive productivity,..
• Purpose
– Support OECD policy analysis and evaluation
– Improve knowledge and develop common measurement systems
and indicators
– Contribute to international policy debates and to the G8 3R initiative
• Foundations
– Member countries initiatives, research work initiated in the 1990s
– International work: Eurostat, SEEA
OECD work on Material Flows & Resource Productivity
Main streams of work and building blocks
Common knowledge base
(quantitative and analytical base)
Measurement and reporting
 Information base: data, indicators
 Fact-based analysis and reporting
Methods, principles and guidance
 Material flow analysis
 Indicator development, use
and interpretation
 Business applications
Policy analysis, evaluation &
guidance
Policy instruments and practices
Policy principles and guidelines
 Sustainable materials management
 Eco-innovation, trade
 Sustainable manufacturing
 Green growth
Policy assessments and
recommendations
 Country peer reviews
International work and initiatives
OECD Council Recommendations
OECD Green Growth Strategy
G8 / G7 initiatives: 3R Action Plan
UNEP International Resource Panel
EU Resource efficiency roadmap / circular economy package
System of environmental-economic accounting (SEEA)
Sustainable development goals
Business sector
OECD work on Material Flows and Resource Productivity
Co-operation and co-ordination
• Within the OECD
– Horizontal programmes on Green growth and on measuring wellbeing and the progress of societies
– Environmental accounting & the implementation of the SEEA
– CIRCLE project: cost of inaction and resource scarcity –
consequences for long-term economic growth
– Work on global value chains and globalisation, Trade in value added
(TiVA)
• Global coherence through international co-operation and
joint work
– European Union: Eurostat, DG ENV, European Environment Agency
– United Nations: UNEP and International Resource Panel; UNSD and
UNCEEA
• Research institutes
– Wuppertal Institute, Vienna University, IFF Vienna, Charles
University (Prague), CSIRO (Australia), WRI, …
OECD work on Material Flows and Resource Productivity
Approach
• Broad international context
– Globalisation and global value and supply chains
– Supply security issues
• Broad perspective on materials
– Quantitative and qualitative aspects
– Full life-cycle perspective
• Pragmatic approach
– Core work: joint work within OECD and in countries; of common
relevance
– Additional more detailed work: by countries
• Concrete outputs and results
OECD work on Material Flows & Resource Productivity
Main outputs : Methods, principles and guidance
• An OECD guide on measuring material flows and resource
productivity (2008)
– Accessible guide for non-expert audience
– Framework for MF analysis
• Measurement & analytical tools
• Indicator development and use
– Accounting framework for national MF accounts
that links the concept of systems analysis and
environmental-economic accounting (SEEA)
– Inventory of country activities to promote
exchange of information and experience
OECD work on Material Flows & Resource Productivity
Main outputs: Information basis
• Data
– Database on material flows (macro-level): EU data, expanded to
OECD member and partner countries
– Data on waste flows and waste management
– Data on material resource stocks and reserves
• Indicators
–
–
–
–
A set of material flow and resource productivity indicators
OECD Core set of environmental indicators
OECD green growth indicators
Green growth headline indicator:
(Raw) Material productivity
OECD work on Material Flows & Resource Productivity
Main outputs : Analysis and reporting
• OECD report to G8 (2011)
• Follow up on G8 3R Action Plan
• Report “Material resources,
productivity and the environment”
(2014)
• Consolidated factual basis for policy work
and for identifying main challenges
• Integrated overview of natural resource use,
material consumption and productivity,
their environmental implications, economic aspects
• Report to the OECD Council on the
implementation of the Recommendation on
resource productivity (2014)
OECD work on Material Flows & Resource Productivity
Main outputs: Policy guidance and assessment
• Sustainable materials management
• Extended producer responsibility (EPR)
• Case studies based on life-cycle analysis
of selected products and materials
– mobile phones and critical metals
construction materials, wood fibres, plastics
• Country environmental performance reviews
– Key environmental trends
– In-depth analysis of waste & materials management policies
Analysing material flows: a
tool for decision making
12
What is material flow analysis?
Purpose and characteristics
• Main characteristics
– Helps understand the material basis of the economy
– Provides an integrated (holistic) view of resource flows through the
economy
– Captures flows that do not physically enter the economy but are
relevant from an environmental point of view
– Helps identify inefficient use of natural resources, energy and
materials in the economy, in process chains
• Useful for examining trade-offs between policies, and
analysing cross-cutting issues Policy areas and issues to
which MFA can best contribute
– Economic, trade, technology development policies
– Natural resource management policies
– Environmental policies: waste and materials management, …
13
Material flow analysis
An integrated approach: commercial cycle
The commercial material cycle, resource productivity and the 3Rs:
closing the loop
Reduce
Releases to the environment (pollution, waste)
Land use, habitat alteration, …
Resource
Extraction
Processing
Manufacture
Use
Recycle
Re-manufacture
Re-use
Final
disposal
Material flow analysis
An integrated approach: economy-wide material balance
Rest of the world
environment and
economy
Imports
Domestic
environment
Raw materials, processed materials,
materials embodied in goods
Indirect flows
of imports
Used materials
Unused
materials
Domestic
extraction Used materials
Man made stocks
Net
additions
to stocks
Exports Raw materials, processed materials,
materials embodied in goods
Domestic production
Recycling,
re-use,
re-manufacturing,
substitution
Domestic
outputs to
nature
Pollutants, waste
and consumption processes
Domestic
extraction
Unused materials
Extraction or movement of materials
not used in the economy (returns to
nature)
Domestic
extraction
Unused materials
Material flow analysis: a family of tools
• Overall framework for MFA
• Two main elements
– Material flow accounts
– Material flow indicators
• Several types of accounts and levels of application:
a family of tools
16
Material flow analysis
Architecture and level of application of MFA tools
Economy-wide MF Analysis
and accounts
OECD focus
Materials, material groups
Input-Output Analysis
By economic activity,
industry
Business level MF Analysis
Establishment, enterprise
Material System
Analysis
particular materials,
natural resources
Local Systems Analysis (LSA)
City, region, river basin, …
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
Substance Flow Analysis (SFA)
Particular products
Particular substances
Specification according to economic
concepts (activities, products)
Specification according to natural
science concepts (material, territory)
Measuring progress: material
flow and resource
productivity indicators
18
Measuring MF and RP: OECD indicators
For which purpose are they used?
• A set of MF and RP indicators for use in OECD work
– To monitor progress with resource productivity and the state of
material resources
– To monitoring progress with green growth: move to a low-carbon
and resource efficient economy
– To monitor environmental progress and performance
• To support policy analyses and assessments
– Country reviews: Environmental performance reviews; Economic
surveys
– Sustainable materials management
• To support public communication and information
– Inform about major trend and changes
• Integrated in other OECD indicators sets
– Environment core set, green growth indicators
19
Measuring MF and RP: OECD indicators
Characteristics
•
•
•
•
•
Pragmatic, flexible approach
Closeness to policy demands and analysis
A balanced set
National in scope, or issues of national significance
Level of detail and aggregation
– Aggregate totals
– Materials mix:
• Metallic minerals, construction minerals, industrial minerals, energy carriers,
biomass for food and feed, wood
• Biotic, abiotic
• Primary raw materials, secondary raw materials (not yet feasible)
– Materials or substances of particular concern
– Breakdown by major industries (ISIC/NACE)
20
Measuring MF and RP: OECD indicators
Criteria for selecting indicators
• Policy relevance
•
•
•
•
•
•
representative picture
easy to interpret, transparent
responsive to changes
threshold or reference value
basis for international comparisons
national in scope
• Analytical soundness
• theoretically well founded
• international consensus
• link with economic models, forecasting, information systems
• Measurability
Data underlying the indicators should be:
• readily available (cost/benefit ratio)
• well documented, of known quality
• regularly updated
21
Measuring MF and RP: OECD indicators
Main themes for indicator set
• Monitoring the material basis of the economy
• Monitoring the material productivity of the economy
• Monitoring interactions of trade and globalisation with MF
• Monitoring the environmental and natural resource
implications of materials use
• Monitoring the management of selected natural resources
and materials
Environmental Performance and Information Division Environment Directorate
22
Measuring MF and RP: OECD indicators
The material basis of economies
MAIN INDICATORS
Other useful indicators
• Material inputs
• Material consumption
• Production-based domestic
material consumption
• Demand-based raw material
consumption
• Share of materials from
renewable natural stocks
• Share of recyclable or
recycled materials
• Intensity of material inputs in
economic activities
• Material extraction from
natural stocks
– Materials mix
– Sectoral breakdown
23
Measuring MF and RP: OECD indicators
The material productivity of economies
MAIN INDICATORS
Other useful indicators
• Material productivity
• Production-based domestic
material productivity (GDP/DMC)
• Demand-based material
productivity (real disposable
income/TMC)
• Environmentally adjusted
multi-factor productivity
– Materials mix
– Sectoral breakdown
24
Measuring MF and RP: OECD indicators
The interactions of trade and globalisation with MF
MAIN INDICATORS
Other useful indicators
• Domestic material autonomy
• Material intensity of trade
flows
• Trade in recycled (secondary
raw) materials
• Physical trade balance (with and
without indirect flows)
– Synergies with conventional trade indicators and with commodity prices
– Materials mix
25
Measuring MF and RP: OECD indicators
The environmental implications of MF
MAIN INDICATORS
Other useful indicators
1. Resource aspects
• 2. Environmental aspects
• Trends in waste
• Intensity of use of natural material
generation
stocks
• Trends in air and GHG
• Changes in natural stocks (global) of
emissions
mineral resources
• Changes in man-made stocks of
mineral resources
– Synergies with other environmental and natural resource indicators
26
Measuring MF and RP: OECD indicators
The management efficiency of materials
MAIN INDICATORS
Other useful indicators
1. Environmental outcomes
• Share of recycled materials
(secondary raw materials) in
material inputs or consumption
for selected materials or material
groups
• Amounts of materials leaving the
economic cycle, i.e. going to final
disposal
• Efficiency of materials use in primary
production and in construction: unused
materials compared to material inputs or
related to value added
• Recycling rates for selected
waste streams or materials
2. Policy instruments
• Subsidies encouraging unsustainable
use of extraction of materials
– Materials mix and selected materials
– Sectoral breakdown
– Synergies with conventional waste indicators
27
Environmental
Pressures
Environmental
ConditionsCore
Societal
Responses
Material
flow indicators
in
the OECD
Set
of 

Energy
intensity
 Index of GHG emissions 
 Atmospheric concentrations
(fossil fuels, other)
environmental
indicators
(production-based;
demand-based
of GHG
Issue
Climate
change
R)
o CO2 emissions 
(production-based; demandbased)
Environmental Pressures
 Global mean temperature
Indicators for consideration
in country reviews
– expenditure, aid, transfers:
taxes, subsidies; carbon
Issue
Environmental Conditions
Societal
prices;Responses
R&D, patents
Climate
intensity

Material
Recycling
and recovery
rates
 Index
of GHG
emissions
stocks  Atmospheric
concentrations
Intensity
of use
of natural
Changes in natural
stocks of  Energy
(fossil
fuels,
other)
change
Resources
for selected materials
(production-based;
demand-based
of
GHG resources [R]
[R]
mineral
R)
Indicators for consideration
 Global
mean
temperature
depletion ratios; extraction over
Trends in
proven
reserves:
(supported with
Indicators
consideration
in country for
reviews
change-in-proven-reserves
over
a
volume
and
total
number
of
o CO2 emissions 
a larger set of
in
country
reviews
– expenditure, aid, transfers:
given time period demandyears' supply available each
(production-based;
indicators)
– (removal
of) subsidies
year.
taxes, subsidies;
carbon
 based)
Material consumption
encouraging
unsustainable
prices;
R&D,
patents
Production-based; demand-based  Changes in man-made stocks
use or extraction of
Material
and recovery rates
R; materials
mix;
ratios.  Changes
of mineral
[R] of  Recycling
 Intensity
of use
ofintensity
natural stocks
inresources
natural stocks
materials [R]
Resources
for selected materials
[R]
mineral resources [R]
–
Supplementary indicators and indicators for consideration in country
 Core indicator
o Proxy indicators
depletion ratios; extraction over
(supported with
reviews. Trends in proven reserves:
Indicators for consideration
change-in-proven-reserves
over
a
volume and total number of
a
setincluded
of
:larger
indicators
in the small set of OECD Key Environmental Indicators endorsed by Environment Ministers
in 2001reviews
in country
given time period
years' supply available each
indicators)
R:
area that requires further work;
R: area for further work and research by the OECD.
– (removal of) subsidies
year.
 Material consumption
encouraging unsustainable
Production-based; demand-based  Changes in man-made stocks
use or extraction of
R; materials mix; intensity ratios.
of mineral resources [R]
materials [R]
 Core indicator
o Proxy indicators
–
Supplementary indicators and indicators for consideration in country
reviews.
: indicators included in the small set of OECD Key Environmental Indicators endorsed by Environment Ministers in 2001
R: area that requires further work;
R: area for further work and research by the OECD.
28
Material flow indicators in the set of green growth
indicators
1
economy
becoming
greener? More
• Carbon
and energy
productivity
The environmental and resource• Is the
resource
efficient?
• Resource
productivity: materials, nutrients, water
productivity of the economy
• How• does
this affect
the productivity of the
Multi-factor
productivity
economy?
2
The natural asset base of the
economy
• Renewable
stocks:base
water,preserved?
forest, fish resources
• Is the
natural asset
• Non-renewable stocks: mineral resources
• Are there
risks and
of future
shocks to growth?
• Biodiversity
ecosystems
3
The environmental dimension
of quality of life
• Environmental health and risks
• Environmental
and amenities
• Do people
benefit services
from greener
growth?
Economic opportunities and
policy responses
• Technology and innovation
• Are we taking the right measures to
• Environmental
goodsand
& services
catalyse
investments
innovation for
•
International
financial
greening the economy?flows
• Prices and transfers
• Is greening the economy opening up new
• Skills
training
sources
ofand
growth?
• Regulations and management approaches
Socio-economic context and
characteristics of growth
• Economic growth and structure
• What• Productivity
are the growth
characteristics of the
and trade
economy?
social
context?
• Labour its
markets,
education
and income
• Socio-demographic patterns
4
Material flow indicators in the small set of Green Growth
Headline Indicators
Environmental and resource productivity
1. CO2 productivity (production-based, demand-based)
Carbon productivity
Resource productivity
2. Non-energy material productivity
(production-based, demand-based)
Multifactor productivity
3. Multifactor productivity including environmental services
 DMC, RMC
The natural asset base
Renewable and non-renewable stocks
Biodiversity and ecosystems
4. Natural resource index
5. Changes in land use and cover
Environmental quality of life
Environmental health and risks
6. Air pollution (population exposure to PM 2.5)
Economic opportunities and policy responses
Technology and innovation, environmental goods and
services, prices and transfers, etc.
Placeholder – no indicator specified
“Green” difficult to isolate
Diversity of country circumstances, of instruments
 countries to choose
OECD material flow and resource productivity indicators
Indicator hierarchy
(Raw)
Material
productivity
(intensity)
(Raw) Material productivity
total, non energy, by material group
Energy and carbon productivity
Water productivity, Waste generation
and recovery rates, Nutrient flows
Headline
indicator
Green Growth
indicators
(Raw) Material consumption intensity
Core Set of
by material group
environmental
Intensity of use of natural resource stocks
Changes in natural stocks of mineral resources indicators
Changes in man-made stocks of mineral resources
Recycling and recovery rates for selected materials
Economic instruments: e.g. subsidies
Larger thematic set of MF and RP indicators
31
Material flow indicators
How are they used?
• Guiding principles for using indicators in country reviews
– Only one tool : interpretation in context
– Additional information and analysis: contextual information, country
specific indicators, qualitative analysis
– Inter-country comparison and standardisation
• No unique way of standardisation: several denominators and units
• International indicators versus country-specific indicators
• Productivity ratios versus absolute trends
– Interpretation: choice of reference period; level of aggregation
– Link to results, progress, objectives
• Use a suite of indicators
– Present aggregated indicators with info about constituent variables
– Convey “right” message  e.g. material flow indicators are not to be
used as “impact” indicators
– Use in combination with indicators on waste, waste management,
energy, water, land
32
Measuring progress: key
messages from OECD work
33
Key messages from OECD report
Material
in the OECD
• consumption
Unprecedented
•
growth in demands for raw materials world-wide
Slower growth in OECD countries; first signs of decoupling
change, 1990-2011
Global extraction
of%material
resources
Global extraction
of material
resources
billion tonnes (Gt)
70
1%
%Biomass
change, 1980-2010
60
13%
50
48%
24%
30
Fossil fuels
-3%
175
150
material
consumption
125
Metals
Metals
Construction & industrial minerals
202%
10
Construction & industrial
minerals
0
100
75
50
1980
2000
1990 2000
2005
Material
consumption
in the2010
OECD
2011 2005
Material consumption,
OECD
Material consumption
inchange,
the OECD
%
1990-2011
1990
1995
2005
2010
OECD
25
1%
20
13%
15
24%
10
5
-3%
0
1990
2000
Index 1990=100
200
billion tonnes (Gt))
1980
GDP
World
Fossil energy carriers
87%
20
1990
Biomass
66%
40
Index 1990=100
200
2000
2005
2011
% change, 1990-2011
175
1%
Biomass
150
fuels
Fossil fuels
125
Biomass
Fossil
13%
24%
Metals
-3%
Construction & industrial
minerals
Metals
Construction & industrial minerals
GDP
100
material
consumption
75
50
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
34
Key messages from OECD report
•
•
Material productivity improved in many (most) OECD countries
OECD countries generate 30% more economic value per unit of resources
used than in 2000, and 50% more than in 1990
USD/tonne
4000
Material productivity, OECD
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
2011 or latest available year
tonne/cap
2000
Material consumption per capita, OECD
50
40
30
20
10
0
per capita, 2011
per capita, 2000
35
Key messages from OECD report
•
But material consumption in OECD countries is still 60% higher than the
world average
Material consumption
in kg per person per day
Material consumption kg per person per day
2010
OECD
2000
1980
World
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
36
Key messages from OECD report
•
Recent developments indicate that policies implemented show results in several
countries, but not in all
Many other factors play a role:
• The rise of the service sector
• Increased fragmentation of production and off-shoring
• The economic crisis with reduced industrial output and construction activity
•
Material consumption by type
Decoupling trends, OECD
Biomass
200
200
DMC
Metals & industrial minerals
Fossil energy carriers
200
200
175
175
175
175
150
150
150
150
125
125
125
125
100
100
100
100
75
75
75
75
50
50
50
50
25
25
25
25
0
1995
2000
2005
2010
0
1995
2000
2005
2010
0
1995
2000
2005
2010
0
GDP
Construction minerals
1995
2000
2005
2010
37
Key messages from OECD report
•
•
•
About one fifth of the materials extracted world-wide end up as waste and
may get lost to the economy if not recovered, recycled, re-used
Efforts to transform waste into a valuable resource show first results
High recycling rates for large volume materials (glass, aluminium, paper,
plastics); low rates for other valuable materials, including precious and
speciality metals.
Municipal waste
Decoupling trends, OECD
Municipal waste
Recovery and disposal shares, OECD
GDP
160
600
520
560
560
560
530
58%
53%
48%
500
Amounts in kg
per capita
140
400
64%
120
Municipal
waste
300
Share in % going to :
200
100
100
//
800
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
19%
25%
30%
33%
16%
16%
17%
19%
1995
2000
2005
2011
Disposal
Material recovery
Energy recovery
0
38
Measuring progress: lessons
learned and areas for
progress
39
Lessons learned
• Current information basis not yet sufficient to enable a
more detailed analysis of trends and of resource
productivity
 analyses remain limited to the broad picture
• Not all proposed indicators can be measured today
• Further efforts needed to improve the availability and
quality of underlying data and accounts
– Foster the implementation of MF accounting and MF indicators
(national, international level)
– Further improve the knowledge base
• Ultimately MF information should be as good as the
economic and financial information at the disposal of
governments and businesses
40
Data gaps and areas for progress
• Indirect and unused flows
– Material footprints, hidden flows
– Coherent data on trade flows by origin and destination;
• Industry-level information  Input-Output tables
• Flows of importance to the 3Rs and a circular economy
– Waste flows, recycled materials (secondary raw materials),
recyclable materials
– Coherence between MF accounts and waste statistics
• Urban mines: anthropogenic stocks of materials
• Analysis of links with specific environmental problems
and impacts
• Analysis of links with economic aspects and supply
security
41
Current work and developments
• Further development of information basis
• Filling information gaps
–
–
–
–
–
Trade in raw materials (primary, secondary)
Recycling, recovery, circular economy,
Link to recycling markets, commodity prices
Link to natural resource stocks/ reserves
Link to environmental impacts and resource scarcity (CIRCLE
project, modelling)
• Further development of indicators and accounts: demandbased measures of material flows (footprints)
– accounting for raw materials embodied in trade
– link to work on embodied carbon, input-output tables
– link to work on trade in value added (TiVA)
Current work on demand-based material flow indicators
For which purpose are they used?
• To gain a better understanding of
– The implications of the international fragmentation of production
and global supply and value chains for environmental
performance, resource efficiency, supply security, economic
performance
– The extent to which improvements in resource productivity are the
result of domestic policies
– The extent to which domestic final demand and consumption
patterns affect global environmental issues and natural resources
abroad
• Used as a complement to production-based measures
– to balance the message conveyed
– to inform, raise awareness
43
Current work on demand-based material flow indicators
Interpretation and communication issues
• Understanding by non-experts
– Less easy to communicate than carbon footprint indicators, even for
production-based indicators
– Not linked to a clearly identified global issue, nor impacts, but linked
to several issues: supply security; natural resource stocks (unevenly
distributed in the world)
• Link to policies
• Do not always relate to well defined policy areas
• Can lead to complex and multi-faceted policy conclusions
• Credibility and interpretability
– Need for guidance on the way to use and present the indicators
– Need for indicator harmonisation: terminology, indicator names,
definitions, calculation methods
• Series of OECD-UNEP expert workshops to reach a
consensus on the measurement approach to use
44
Current work and developments
• International cooperation to set up a global capacity for
monitoring material flows
– Close cooperation and joint work with UNEP IRP and Eurostat to
ensure global coherence
•
•
•
•
Eurostat work on economy-wide MF (mandatory)
UNEP database (2015) available on UNEP life
OECD database
EU countries, other OECD countries, the BRIICS, other countries in the
world
– Cooperation with UNSD to ensure coherence with the System of
environmental-economic accounting (SEEA)
– Link to the monitoring of the SDGs: global and regional reporting
45
Lessons so far: success criteria for work at international
level and in countries
• Selected success criteria
•
•
•
•
Demand-supply relationship
Institutional capacity and continuity
Trust and shared ownership, credibility   influence
Flexibility, pragmatism, cost-effectiveness
• Conceptual and measurability issues:
important but not an obstacle
• “Learning by doing”: start using what you have
• “Step by step” approach: to improve and refine
• Much to learn from exchange of experience
• No rigid transfer of experience
• Adaptation to specific circumstances
• Commonalities and coherence with international work
• OECD role in supporting countries’ efforts & promoting
exchange of experience and convergence in key areas
GRAZIE!
THANK YOU!
More on:
www.oecd.org/env/indicators
www.oecd.org/greengrowth/
www.oecd.org/env/waste
www.oecd.org/environment/resourceefficiency
www.oecd.org/env/countryreviews
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