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GENERAL STRUCTURES
VERBS
▶ No conjugations. All information contained
in the Paradigm :
Base form simple past
past participle
▶ Regular ( base form + “ED” ) / Irregular
▶”TO” + base form = infinitive
▶ Each tense is indicated by an “AUXILIARY”
▶Interrogative requires “Inversion” of
AUXILIARY AND SUBJECT
▶Negative = “NOT” attached to auxiliary
▶ Tenses are SIMPLE / CONTINUOUS
▶ Auxiliaries HAVE
PAST PARTICIPLE
/
BE
GERUND
▶ All verbs require a subject
DYNAMIC &
STATIVE MEANINGS
 DYNAMIC MEANINGS
Most verbs have dynamic meanings.They describe
• ACTS
( hit, knock, buy)
• ACTIVITIES ( play, walk, work)
• PROCESSES ( change , develop)
The continuous form has a dynamic meaning
STATIVE MEANINGS
Verbs with stative meaning usually describe
•STATE OF MIND (knowledge,emotion,perception)
•STATE OF AFFAIRS ( being or having)
 The simple forms express stative meaning
 What do simple forms look like ?

subject

auxiliary

main verb
I
work
I
worked
I
have
worked
I
had
worked
I
I
will
would
work
work
 What
do continuous forms look like?

subject

auxiliary

Main verb
I
am
working
I
I
was
have been
working
working
I
had been
working
I
will be
working
I
would be
working
STRUCTURE OF THE SENTENCE
SUBJECT
+
VERB
ADVERB
OF
FREQUENCY
JOHN
GIVES
ALWAYS
+
DIRECT
OBJECT
+
INDIRECT
OBJECT
ADJECTIVE
THE
ADVERB
OF
MANNER/
PLACE/
TIME
LETTERS TO ME
IMPORTANT
EVERY DAY