Download Generation and Transmission of 21.4-Gbaud PDM 64

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JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 30, NO. 4, FEBRUARY 15, 2012
Generation and Transmission of 21.4-Gbaud PDM
64-QAM Using a Novel High-Power DAC
Driving a Single I/Q Modulator
Alan H. Gnauck, Fellow, IEEE, Peter J. Winzer, Fellow, IEEE, Agnieszka Konczykowska,
Filipe Jorge, Jean-Yves Dupuy, Muriel Riet, Gabriel Charlet, B. Zhu, Member, IEEE, and
David W. Peckham, Senior Member, IEEE
Abstract—We generate a single-carrier 21.4-Gbaud polarization-division-multiplexed (PDM) 64-ary quadrature-amplitude-modulated (QAM) signal (256.8-Gb/s line rate) using a single
in-phase/quadrature (I/Q) optical modulator driven by 8-level
electrical waveforms from a novel high-power digital-to-analog
converter (DAC). We measure a required optical signal-to-noise
ratio of 29.5 dB (0.1-nm reference bandwidth;
bit-error
rate), 4.6-dB off the theoretical limit. Using ultra-large-area fiber,
we achieve 400-km single-channel transmission. The DAC was also
used to obtain excellent results with quadrature-phase-shift-keyed
and 16-QAM signals at 21.4 Gbaud.
Index Terms—Coherent detection, 100G ethernet, optical networking, quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), transmission,
wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM).
I. INTRODUCTION
C
OMMERCIAL 100-Gb/s transmission systems available and in development today are largely based on
single-carrier 28-Gbaud polarization-division-multiplexed
(PDM) quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) [1]. Such
signals can be operated on a 50-GHz frequency grid in wavelength-division-multiplexed (WDM) systems (i.e., at a spectral
efficiency, SE, of 2 b/s/Hz), while still providing spectral
margin for several reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexers (ROADMs). In order to increase transport capacity,
greater SE can be achieved using higher-level quadrature
amplitude modulation (QAM). PDM 64-QAM has recently
been demonstrated in WDM systems at line rates consistent
with 100-Gb/s operation. Operating on a 12.5-GHz frequency
grid, an SE of 8.4 b/s/Hz (assuming 7% overhead for forward
error correction, FEC) was reached at a per-channel line rate
of 9.4 Gbaud (112.8 Gb/s) [2], and an SE of 9.0 b/s/Hz was
achieved at 10.03 Gbaud (120.4 Gb/s) [3]. These experiments
used in-phase/quadrature (I/Q) modulators driven with 8-level
electrical signals derived either from an opto-electronic scheme
Manuscript received July 13, 2011; revised October 11, 2011; accepted October 22, 2011. Date of publication December 05, 2011; date of current version
February 01, 2012.
A. H. Gnauck and P. J. Winzer are with Bell Laboratories, Alcatel-Lucent,
Holmdel, NJ 07733 USA (e-mail: [email protected]).
A. Konczykowska, F. Jorge, J.-Y. Dupuy, and M. Riet are with III-IV Lab,
Marcoussis, France.
G. Charlet is with Bell Laboratories, Alcatel-Lucent, Nozay, France.
B. Zhu and D. W. Peckham are with OFS Labs, Somerset, NJ 08873 USA.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/JLT.2011.2175200
[2] or from a commercial arbitrary waveform generator [3].
Scaling per-channel transport bit rates beyond 100 Gb/s is
important to accommodate the continuing increase in router
interface rates, and to reduce the channel count in high-capacity transport systems. Unfortunately, increasing the channel
rate at high SE such as provided by 64-QAM has proven
challenging. A complex integrated modulator, comprised of
three nested Mach–Zehnder modulators, was used to generate
20-Gbaud 64-QAM using six binary electrical drive signals
[4]. Using this transmitter, back-to-back PDM operation with
a coherent intradyne receiver resulted in a bit-error-rate (BER)
. Another experiment used a commercial
floor of
digital-to-analog converter (DAC) to drive an I/Q modulator
with 8-level electrical signals to produce 28-Gbaud 64-QAM
[5]. BER measurements were not performed, but the obtained
constellation suggests a similarly high BER floor. We have
recently reported [6] 21.4-Gbaud 64-QAM generation using
a novel 3-bit electronic high-power DAC circuit [7] driving
an I/Q modulator with 8 electrical levels. In PDM operation
this equates to a line rate of 256.8 Gb/s, or 240 Gb/s after
accounting for 7% FEC overhead. Using a low-noise real-time
oscilloscope, we obtained intradyne-detection performance
.
only 4.6-dB off the theoretical limit at a BER of
Transmission over 400 km of ultra-large-area fiber (ULAF)
was demonstrated, and a digital nonlinearity-compensation
scheme, implemented in the digital signal processing algorithm
at the receiver, was shown to improve the results. In this paper,
we expand upon the work reported in [6], using the DAC to
also obtain excellent results with QPSK and 16-QAM signals
(requiring 2- and 4-level electrical drives, respectively).
II. EXPERIMENT
A. Transmitter Setup
The experimental setup is shown in Fig. 1. A 1555.74-nm
tunable external cavity laser (ECL) was modulated using an integrated LiNbO I/Q modulator with 30-GHz 3-dB bandwidth
kHz,
and V of 2.2 V. The ECL exhibited a linewidth of
and was chosen due to the required narrow linewidth for
64-QAM [8]. To generate a 64-QAM optical signal, the I
and Q branches of the modulator were driven by 21.4-Gbaud
eight-level electrical signals from the DAC circuit described
below. The DAC inputs were three copies of a 21.4-Gb/s true
. The
pseudo-random bit sequence (PRBS) of length
second and third copies were decorrelated relative to the first
0733-8724/$26.00 © 2011 IEEE
GNAUCK et al.: GENERATION AND TRANSMISSION OF 21.4-GBAUD PDM 64-QAM USING A NOVEL HIGH-POWER DAC DRIVING A SINGLE I/Q MODULATOR 533
Fig. 1. Experimental setup. TX: transmitter. PC: polarization controller. PBS: polarizing beamsplitter. EDFA: erbium-doped fiber amplifier. ULAF: ultra-largearea fiber. ATT: attenuator. LO: local oscillator. A/D: analog-to-digital converter.
copy with delays of 19 and 43 bit periods, respectively. The
two complementary 8-level DAC output signals, each with
a swing of 1.6 V , were attenuated in these experiments in
order to reduce the potential for distortion caused by small
electrical impedance mismatches. They were then decorrelated
by 12 symbol periods before being applied to the modulator.
Polarization multiplexing was achieved by 3-dB splitting the
optical signal, delaying one copy by 12 ns, and recombining it
in a polarization beamsplitter (PBS) using manual polarization
controllers (PCs).
B. High-Power Digital-to-Analog Converter
While the most popular high-speed DAC architecture is composed of a low-voltage digital-to-analog converter followed by
a broadband linear amplifier, leading to a complex circuit with
high power consumption as well as the need for wideband highfrequency amplifiers with high linearity and dynamic range requirements, our DAC concept [7] combines both functions in a
single circuit: the DAC (i) creates multilevel signals from the 3
binary input data streams and (ii) amplifies them simultaneously
(as necessary for driving a modulator), with all circuit elements
operating in digital instead of mixed digital-analog mode. This
architecture allows us to minimize unwanted signal distortions
and, in particular, to avoid amplification of noise and other multilevel distortions. The three single-ended DAC input signals are
first reshaped and retimed before being amplified by an active
combiner. The output levels can be adjusted with three DC controls (corresponding to the weights of the 3 bits) from fully off
to completely on. This functionality allows adjustments of the
respective level positions, either for pre-distortion of the driving
signal, or for generation of other modulation formats. The power
consumption is 2 W when providing a 3.2-V differential output
swing (1.6 V on each of the two DAC outputs). The circuit was
realized using a 280-GHz
Indium Phosphide HBT process.
A microphotograph of the DAC is shown in Fig. 2, along with a
picture of the packaged device. Single-ended 2-, 4-, and 8-level
electrical output waveforms are also shown in Fig. 2. We note
that input signals were not removed in 2- and 4-level operation,
but rather the DC controls were adjusted to completely turn off
the unused bit(s).
C. Transmission System
Transmission was performed in four backward-Raman-amplified 100-km ULAF spans, pumped to near transparency. The
Fig. 2. Microphotograph of the DAC chip (top left), and photograph of the
packaged DAC (top right). Single-ended 2-, 4-, and 8-level output waveforms
(bottom).
pump wavelengths for each span were 1429, 1447, and 1460 nm,
and the pump powers were 270, 300, and 300 mW, respectively.
At 1555 nm, the fiber loss, dispersion, and dispersion slope were
0.185 dB/km, 20 ps/nm/km, and 0.08 ps/nm /km, respectively.
The effective area was 120 m , and the nonlinearity coefficient
was 0.81 W km .
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JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 30, NO. 4, FEBRUARY 15, 2012
D. Intradyne Receiver
At the receiver, the signal was amplified and passed through
a 1-nm-bandwidth optical filter. The signal was then combined
with a free-running ECL local oscillator (LO), within approximately 20 MHz of the signal carrier, in a polarization-diversity
90-degree hybrid, followed by 4 balanced detectors. The
ECL exhibited a linewidth of
kHz. The combined
linewidth of
kHz for the signal and LO lasers should
have a negligible performance impact in 21.4-Gbaud 64-QAM
operation, as the predicted penalty (at a BER of
)
is only expected to reach 1 dB with a combined linewidth
of 800 kHz [8]. The 4 signal components (I , Q , I , Q )
were sampled asynchronously and digitized using two Agilent
93204A 2-channel 80-GSamples/s real-time oscilloscopes with
33-GHz bandwidth and low-noise performance (achieving an
effective number of bits
). All results are based on offline
processing of
samples from each balanced detector. Since
our algorithms do not re-use any waveform samples for filter
convergence and BER measurement, this corresponds to a total
of
symbols (
million bits for PDM 64-QAM) for
error counting after the convergence of all receiver loops. Our
intradyne-receiver algorithm [9] first corrected for front-end
imperfections, e.g., sampling skew and hybrid phase errors,
and performed chromatic-dispersion compensation in the frequency domain. The subsequent clock recovery oversampled
a portion of the signal by a factor of 3 using zero-padding in
the frequency domain and extracted the tone at the symbol
rate (1/T) from the spectrum of the magnitude-squared signal.
The original x and y polarizations of the signal were recovered
using a 16-tap, T/2-spaced adaptive butterfly finite impulse
response (FIR) filter. Filter pre-convergence was achieved
with the constant modulus algorithm (CMA), followed by
maximum-likelihood frequency- and phase-estimation. For
64-QAM, pre-convergence was much more sensitive than
16-QAM and QPSK to the initialization values for various
loop and filter parameters. In particular, while the CMA was
perfectly able to recover symbol timing for 16-QAM, an exhaustive search for the sampling phase needed to be performed
for 64-QAM. Final filter adaptation used a decision-directed
algorithm interleaved with a decision-directed phase-locked
loop. No differential quadrature encoding [8] was used in our
experiments, and no cycle slips were ever observed in any of
the many captured waveforms.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. Back-to-Back Performance
Fig. 3 shows the optical spectrum for single-polarization
64-QAM (as expected, the spectra for QPSK and 16-QAM were
nearly identical to this and are not shown), as well as the directly detected eye patterns and recovered signal constellations
for single-polarization QPSK, 16-QAM and 64-QAM. Driving
the modulator with 2-, 4-, or 8-level electrical signals produced
QPSK, 16-QAM, and 64-QAM optical signals, respectively.
Fig. 4 shows the single-polarization back-to-back BER as a
function of the optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR, 0.1-nm
reference bandwidth, noise in both polarizations) for the three
modulation formats. For these measurements, the DAC outputs
Fig. 3. Optical spectrum of 21.4-Gbaud 64-QAM signal (top). Directly detected eye patterns and recovered signal constellations for single-polarization
QPSK, 16-QAM, and 64-QAM (bottom).
were attenuated by 3 dB (in order to reduce the effect of any
electrical reflections) before being applied to the I/Q modulator.
This produced a voltage swing of
V at each output, and
was found to give similar performance to the results reported in
[6], where 9 dB of attenuation was used. No predistortion of the
drive signal to compensate the modulator sinusoidal response
was needed at this drive level. In fact, in later measurements
it was found that modulator nonlinearity did not cause a measurable penalty even at the full output of 1.6 V . At a BER of
, the experimental performances of QPSK, 16-QAM,
and 64-QAM at 21.4 Gbaud are 0.9, 1.8, and 4.0 dB off their
theoretical limits, respectively. As expected, implementation
penalties due to hardware deficiencies at these high modulation
speeds have a stronger impact at increasing constellation sizes.
For example, note from Fig. 2 that the 8-level eyes do not
have the exact same horizontal nor vertical shapes, which
inherently results in inter-symbol interference (ISI). Since the
high-speed waveform cannot be fully represented as a linear
superposition of temporally shifted pulses (as is the case for
ideal pulse amplitude modulation [10]), this ISI has a nonlinear
component, which the linear receiver DSP cannot optimally
compensate. Note further the slight cushion-shaped distortion
of the received constellation (most pronounced in Fig. 5),
which we isolated in the course of our experiments through performing measurements with various permutations of receiver
components and consequently attribute it to imperfections of
the receiver’s digitization circuitry.
Fig. 5 reviews the back-to-back BER measurements for
64-QAM reported in [6]. In these measurements, a conservative voltage swing of
mV was obtained by placing
9 dB of attenuation on the DAC outputs. The performance
was measured for both single-polarization (solid circles and
triangles for x- and y-polarizations) and PDM operation (open
GNAUCK et al.: GENERATION AND TRANSMISSION OF 21.4-GBAUD PDM 64-QAM USING A NOVEL HIGH-POWER DAC DRIVING A SINGLE I/Q MODULATOR 535
Fig. 6. Bit-error rate as a function of launched power per span after 400 km.
Open circles: without NLC. Solid circles: with NLC.
Fig. 4. Back-to-back bit-error-rate results for single-polarization QPSK (triangles), 16-QAM (squares) and 64-QAM (circles). Theoretical limits are given by
solid lines.
below
(the threshold for operation with advanced
FEC with 7% overhead) even at a launched power of 0 dBm.
IV. CONCLUSION
We have reported the generation of 21.4-Gbaud QPSK,
16-QAM, and 64-QAM signals using an I/Q modulator drive
by a novel 3-bit high-power DAC. In back-to-back single-polarization measurements, and at a BER of
, the
experimental performances of QPSK, 16-QAM, and 64-QAM
at 21.4 Gbaud are 0.9, 1.8, and 4.0 dB off their theoretical limits.
For PDM 64-QAM (a line rate of 256.8 Gb/s, equating to 240
Gb/s after accounting for 7% FEC overhead) the performance
was 4.6 dB off the theoretical limit at a BER of
.
The PDM 64-QAM signal was successfully transmitted over
400 km of low-loss, low-nonlinearity ultra-large-area fiber.
Fig. 5. Back-to-back bit-error-rate results for 64-QAM (top) and recovered
signal constellations for PDM 64-QAM at full OSNR (bottom).
circles). The single-polarization results diverge slightly due to
small differences in the receiver hardware for the two polarization channels. The required OSNRs to achieve a BER of
are 26.0 dB for the best single-polarization result and
29.5 dB for PDM. The theoretical limits for both single-polarization and PDM signals are also shown. For single-polarization
and PDM, our results are 4.1 dB and 4.6 dB off the theoretical
limit, respectively. We attribute the relatively large (0.5-dB)
penalty for PDM to the greater parameter sensitivity and the
slower convergence of the underlying intradyne algorithms. At
full OSNR (
dB) a BER floor at
is reached.
The recovered signal constellations for PDM 64-QAM at full
OSNR are also shown in Fig. 5.
B. Transmission of PDM 64-QAM Signal
We next performed 400-km PDM transmission. Fig. 6 shows
the BER as a function of power launched into each span, both
without (open circles) and with (solid circles) a simple digital
nonlinearity compensation (NLC) scheme as part of the receiver
DSP [11]. At a launched power of
dBm per span, the OSNR
after transmission was 31 dB, and the BER of
without
NLC shows a transmission penalty of
dB (see Fig. 5). The
recovered signal constellations under these operating conditions
are shown in the inset of Fig. 6. With NLC the BER was well
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Alan H. Gnauck (F’09) joined Bell Laboratories in 1982, where he is currently a Distinguished Member of Technical Staff in the Transmission Systems Research group. He has performed record-breaking optical transmission
experiments at single-channel rates of from 2 to 400 Gb/s. He has investigated
coherent detection, chromatic-dispersion compensation techniques, CATV hybrid fiber-coax architectures, wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) systems, and system impacts of fiber nonlinearities. His WDM transmission experiments include the first demonstration of terabit transmission in 1996. More recently, he demonstrated 25-Tb/s transmission in 2007. He is presently involved
in the study of WDM systems with single-channel rates of 100 Gb/s and higher,
using advanced modulation formats and coherent detection. He has authored or
coauthored over 200 journal and conference papers, and holds 25 patents in optical communications.
Mr. Gnauck is a Fellow of the Optical Society of America (OSA) and has
served as an associate editor for IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS
(2000–2009). He was a technical subcommittee member for the Optical Fiber
Communications Conference (OFC) in 2000, 2001, and 2003, and served as
subcommittee chair in 2004. He received the OSA Engineering Excellence
Award in 2003.
Peter J. Winzer (F’09) received the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from
the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 1998.
Supported by the European Space Agency, he investigated space-borne
Doppler lidar and laser communications using high-sensitivity digital modulation and detection. In 2000 he joined Bell Labs, focusing on many aspects
of fiber-optic networks, including Raman amplification, optical modulation
formats, advanced optical receiver concepts, digital signal processing and
coding, as well as on robust network architectures for dynamic data services.
He demonstrated several high-speed and high-capacity optical transmission
records from 10 to 100 Gb/s and beyond, including the first 100G and the first
400G electronically multiplexed optical transmission systems and the first field
trial of live 100G video traffic over an existing carrier network. He has widely
published and patented and is actively involved in technical and organizational
tasks with the IEEE Photonics Society and the Optical Society of America
(OSA). He was promoted to Distinguished Member of Technical Staff at Bell
Labs in 2007 and since 2010 heads the Optical Transmission Systems and
Networks Research Department.
Dr. Winzer is a member of the Optical Society of America.
Agnieszka Konczykowska is in charge of microelectronic design activity at
III-V Lab, Bell Labs, Thales Research and Technology and CEA/Leti joint laboratory, Marcoussis in France. She worked in different domains of CAD and design methodologies like: methods and applications of symbolic analysis; semiconductor device modeling; analysis and design of switched-capacitor circuits.
Her present research interests are the design of very high speed circuits for optical communications in InP HBT technology. She is the (co)author of over 200
scientific publications and holds six patents.
Dr. Konczykowska is a member of the editorial board of the International
Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications. She has been a member of many
technical committees of international conferences and serves as reviewer for
numerous technical journals. From 1995 to 1999, she was the president of European Circuit Society.
Filipe Jorge was born in Roubaix, France, in 1970. He received the Ph.D. degree in electronic engineering from the University of Lille 1, Villeneuve d’ascq,
France, in 1999.
The next year, he joined OPTO , an Alcatel Research and Innovation unit,
as a Research and Development Engineer. He is currently involved in module
design and characterization of high speed circuits for optical communication
systems within the III-V Lab of Alcatel-Lucent Bell Labs.
Jean-Yves Dupuy received the electrical engineering degree from the Ecole
Nationale Supérieure de l’Electronique et de ses Applications (ENSEA), Cergy,
France, in 2005.
The same year, he joined Alcatel-Thales III-V Lab, now III-V Lab, as a Research Engineer to develop very high-speed monolithic microwave integrated
circuits in InP DHBT technology dedicated to 40-Gb/s optical communication
systems. His current research interests include the development of MMICs for
next-generation optical and wireless communication systems.
Muriel Riet was born in Choisy-le-Roi, France, in 1958. She received the Ph.D.
degree in electronic engineering from the University of Paris XI, France, in
1985.
The same year, she joined CNET, Research Center of France Telecom, where
she has studied compound semiconductor heterojunction bipolar transistors.
Since 1998, she has in charge of InP HBT technology for high-bit-rate optical
communications up to 40 Gb/s in 3-5 Lab.
Gabriel Charlet was born in Rueil Malmaison, France, in 1976. He received
an engineering degree from the École Supérieure d’Optique, Orsay, France, in
1999, and the Ph.D. degree in physics from University Paris XI, Paris, France,
in 2011.
He joined Alcatel Research and Innovation (now Alcatel Lucent Bell Labs
France) in 2000. Since then, he has been working on WDM transmission systems and realized several multi-terabit/s transmission records. He also addressed
the topic of advanced modulation formats. He is the author of ten postdeadline
papers in major conferences and more than 30 patents.
Dr. Charlet received the “Fabry de Gramont” award for its work on fiber
optics communication in 2007. In 2010, he was selected by the Technology
Review from MIT as one the 35 innovators below 35 years for its work on 100
Gbit/s and coherent detection. In 2011, he was selected by Fast Company as one
of the 100 most creative people in business.
B. Zhu, biography not available at the time of publication.
David W. Peckham (SM’04) received the B.S. and M.E. degrees in electrical
engineering from the University of Florida, Gainesville.
He started his career at the Bell Labs Transmission Media Laboratory in 1982,
working on optical fiber measurement techniques. Since 1989, he has focused
on the design, process development, and commercialization of optical fibers for
high-capacity transmission systems at Bell Labs, Lucent, and currently OFS.
He is currently a Consulting Member of Technical Staff/Research Fellow in the
Optical Fiber Design Group at OFS in Norcross, GA.
Mr. Peckham received the 2002 Optical Society of America Engineering Excellence Award recognizing his contributions in the design and commercialization of fibers enabling high-speed, wideband WDM networks.