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Skill Development at it’s Best
Management Information
Systems
BBA & MBA
Lectures 10,11,12
Technical Decomposition
(Hardware & Software)
Course Lecturer: Farhan Mir
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Lectures Administration
• IT Fundamentals
– General IT Development & Trends
– Hardware
• Importance
• Types
• Issues related with Hardware
– Software
• Operating System Vs Application Software
• Software Development
• Latest Development in Software
• Issues related with Software
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IT Fundamentals
• IS Decomposition
– Data & Information
– Technical components
• Hardware Fundamentals
• Software Fundamentals
• Database Management
• Telecommunications
• Why we are studying these fundamentals?
– These constitute the technical composition of the systems
– IS Cost resides majorly in this part
– The “Hottest Technology Available”(Need for Awareness)
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IT Infrastructure in a Modern Organization
• IT Infrastructure - What is it?
– Computing Resources – Large Mainframes,
Desktops and Laptops, Personal Gadgets and
Mobile Devices and applications
– Telecommunication Services for Connectivity
– Data Management and Storage Services
– Physical Facilities
– IT Management Service
– IT Training Services
– Research and Developmental services and
capabilities
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Infrastructure Components
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•
IT Infrastructure has 7 main components
• Networking and telecommunications equipment
and services (50% of U.S. expenditures)
• Enterprise and other IT software applications (19%)
• Computer hardware platforms (9%)
• Consulting services and system integrators (9%)
• Operating system platforms (7%)
• Database management and storage (3%)
• Internet platforms (2%)
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IT Infrastructure Development & Trends
• Evolution
– The 5 – Eras of Computing
•
•
•
•
•
Mainframe and Minicomputer Era (1950s)
Personal Computer (PC) Era (1980s)
Networking (Client/Server) Era (1980s)
Enterprise Computing (ERP) Era (1990s)
Cloud Computing (Internet Computing & Application) Era
(2000s)
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IT Infrastructure Development & Trends
• Drivers of IT Infrastructure
– Moore’s Law and Microprocessor’s Power
– Component of chip increasing on a small area
– Law of Digital Mass Storage
– Storage capacity increasing by exponential rate
– Metcalfe’s Law and Network Economics
– Number of Network Members Increasing
exponentially
– Declining Cost of Communication and Internet
– Growing Standards
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Infrastructure Components and Providers
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There are seven major
components that must
be coordinated to
provide the firm with a
coherent IT
infrastructure. Listed
here are major
technologies and
suppliers for each
component.
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Infrastructure Components
•
Computer hardware platforms
• Client machines
• Desktop PCs, mobile computing devices – PDAs, laptops
• Servers
• Blade servers: ultrathin computers stored in racks
• Mainframes:
• IBM mainframe equivalent to thousands of blade servers
• Top chip producers: AMD, Intel, IBM
• Top firms: IBM, HP, Dell, Sun Microsystems
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Infrastructure Components
• Computer software platforms
• Operating systems
• Client level: 95% run Microsoft Windows (XP,
2000, CE, etc.)
• Server level: 85% run Unix or Linux
• Enterprise software applications
• Enterprise application providers: SAP and Oracle
• Middleware providers: BEA
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Background
• Traditional Computing Environment
–
–
–
–
–
Large Vs small organizational computing
Mainframes
Mini
PC environment
Networking Needs
• Technological Questions & Advancements
– Awareness
– Affordable cost
– Availability
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Glimpse of few Decisions
• Technology
– Latest Hardware (Input, Output, Processing)
– Updation of Legacy Hardware (Maintenance Problems)
– Size/Capacity/Speed issues
• Software
– In-house Development
• System Requirement through Analysis
• Development Process
• Implementation & Feedback
VS
– Buying Option
• Cost/Benefit Analysis
• System Needs
• Implementation and Feedback
– Coordination & Communication issues
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Glimpses of few Decisions
• Broader Decisions
– IT Application analysis (where we need IT applications
in Business)
– Quantitative Assessment in context of cost/benefit
analysis
– Business Approvals for Investment
– Training
– User Interface
– Database (Size and usage issues)
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Hardware Platform Trends and Emerging
Technologies
•
Grid computing
• Connects geographically remote computers into a single network to
combine processing power and create virtual supercomputer
• Provides cost savings, speed, agility
•
On-demand computing (utility computing)
• Off-loading peak demand for computing power to remote, large-scale
data processing centers
• Lowers cost, risks of hardware investment, provides agility
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Hardware Platform Trends and Emerging
Technologies
•
Autonomic computing
• Industry-wide effort to develop systems that can configure, optimize
themselves, heal themselves when broken, and protect themselves from
outside intruders
• Similar to self-updating antivirus software; Apple and Microsoft both use
automatic updates
•
Edge computing
• Multitier, load-balancing for Web-based applications
• Significant parts of processing performed by less expensive servers
located nearby user
• Increases response time and lowers technology costs
• Akamai: Internet edge provider
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Hardware Platform Trends and Emerging
Technologies
•
Virtualization
• Presenting set of computing resources (such as computing power or data
storage) so they can be accessed in ways not restricted by physical
configuration or geographic location.
• Server virtualization: Running more than one operating system at same
time on single machine.
• Fewer computers required to process same work
•
Multicore processors
• Integrated circuit with two or more processors
• Reduces power requirements and heat
• Cloud Computing
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System Components (Hardware)
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Some of the common Input & Output
Devices
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Hardware Fundamentals
• Input Devices
– From Traditional keyboard
entry to automated input
– Graphics & Ease (touch
screens)
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Hardware Fundamentals
• Processing
– Speed & Capacity
(parallel processing)
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Hardware Fundamentals
• Output Devices
– Output needs
– Daily life pervasiveness
– Organizational
communication
channel (& Marketing
aspects)
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Hardware Fundamentals
• Storage
– Permanent Vs.
Temporary Storage
– Mobile Storage….
• Networking….
–
–
–
–
Routers
Switches
Specialized Servers
Will complete it in the
networking section
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Cost Effective Storage Structure
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IT Hardware Components - Storage
• Storage Devices
– Storage Capacities
– Ubiquitous
Storage?
www.rememberus.co.uk/
• In your pocket
• On the web
www.avdeals.com/ digitalmemory/SDCZ12807.htm
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IT Hardware Components –
Communications and Other Hardware
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• NICs (Network Interface Cards)
– One of the basic device for
communication in a wired
network
• Modems
– Wired
“Super mouse”
– Wireless
• Other hardware items
– Graphics cards (VGA)
– Specialized devices
• Input Hardware Example
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PHANTOM® Omni™
Haptic Device
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Contemporary Hardware Issues
• IT portfolio analysis (Heavy Investment)
– Total Cost of Ownership (TCO)
• Maintenance
– Backup
– Disaster Recovery
• Compatibility
• Future Planning
– Technological Advancement
– Cost Vs. Quality question
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Software Fundamentals
•
•
•
•
•
System Software
Application Software
Software Engineering & Tools
Trends regarding software
Management Concerns
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Software
System Application
Software Software
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System Software
• Operating System
– Microcomputer OS
• DOS
• Windows
• Unix
(GUI, Common User Access)
– Networking OS
• Netware
– Large Scale OS
• Multiprocessing
• Multitasking
• Other Important Software
– System Management Software
• System utilities
• Language Translators
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Software
• Application software
– Easy-to-use programs designed to perform
specific tasks
• System software
– Programs that support the execution and
development of other programs
– Two major types
• Operating systems
• Translation systems (compilers & linkers)
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Basic OS Tasks
User interface
Device management
Operating
System
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Computer Software Relationships
User Interface Application Programs
User Interface
Operating System
User Basic Input and Output Services (BIOS)
Interface
• needed for a computer to boot up
Computer Hardware
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Application Software
• General Application
– Word Processing
– Spreadsheets
– File Managers
• Special Purpose Software
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
TP
Scheduling
Analysis & Decision Making
Presentation
Communication
Training
Programming
• From low level to 4GLs
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Application Software
• Application software makes computer popular
and easy to use
• Common application software:
 Microsoft Word, WordPerfect
 PowerPoint
 Netscape, Internet Explorer
 PhotoShop, Photo-Paint
 Quick Time
 Dreamweaver
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Integrated
Development Environments
• Combine all of the capabilities that a
programmer would want while developing
software (VC++)
Editor
Compiler
Linker
Loader
Debugger
Viewer
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Information System(Application Software)
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•
Software Platform Trends and Emerging Technologies
Linux and open-source software
• Open-source software: Produced by community of programmers, free
and modifiable by user
• Linux: Open-source software OS
• 6% new PCs in 2005 were Linux (U.S.)
• 23% market share as LAN server (U.S.)
•
Java
• Object-oriented programming language (Sun Microsystems)
• Operating system, processor-independent (Java Virtual Machine)
• Leading programming environment for Web
• Applets
• E-commerce applications
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•
Software Platform Trends and Emerging Technologies
Ajax
• Software technique for allowing client and server to hold conversation in
background, so browser page does not need to be fully reloaded.
Google Maps.
•
Web-based software tools
• Google’s online spreadsheet and word processing
•
Mashups
• Combinations of two or more online applications; e.g. combining
mapping software (Google Maps) with local content
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Software Platform Trends and Emerging Technologies
• Web 2.0 key concepts
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Web becoming collection of capabilities, rather than pages
Services
Control over unique data sources
Users as co-developers
Harnessing collective intelligence
Leveraging “long tail” through customer self-service
Software above level of single device
Lightweight user interfaces, development models, and business models
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Enterprise Wide Software (Need for Collaboration) Case of Integrated
Supply Chain Management (ERPs)
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Selected Enterprise Resource Planning Vendors
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Software Platform Trends and Emerging Technologies
• Changing sources of software:
• Software packages and suites
• Complex, enterprise software systems
• Application service providers (ASPs)
• Business that delivers and manages applications and computer
services from remote computer centers to multiple users using
the Internet or a private network
• Outsourcing
• Domestic or offshore
• Today, 1/3 U.S. firms outsource software development
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Management Issues
• Application Backlogs
– Different Applications build in different languages
– Lengthy Development processes
– System Development requires commitments, time, patience
• Make
– System Requirement
– User Interface
– User Involvement Vs.
• Buy
–
–
–
–
Availability of Built-in applications
Cost Vs. Quality Issues
Organization Wide Systems reducing compatibility issues
Contract Management through Outsourcing
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References
• Charles Parker, Thomas Case. (2000). “Management Information
Systems: Action & Strategy”. (2nd Ed). Chapter 5,6
• Kenneth C. Laudon & Jane P. Laudon (2001). “Management
Information Systems: Managing a Digital Firm”.(7th Ed). Chapter 5
• James O’Brien. (1998). “Introduction to Information Systems: A
Networked Enterprise Perspective”. (2nd Ed). Chapter 2,3
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