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Blood
Avian Physiology
Non-protein Nitrogen (NPN)
Componds in Plasma
• Amino Acids
– Make up proteins
– Used as an energy source
– 10 Non-essential and 10 essential
Non-protein Nitrogen (NPN)
Componds in Plasma
Non-Essential Amino Acids:
• Glycine (Gly)
• Glutamine (Gln)
• Alanine (Ala)
• Tyrosine (Tyr)
• Proline (Pro)
• Cysteine (Cys)
• Serine (Ser)
• Aspartic Acid (Asp)
• Asparagine (Asn)
• Glutamic Acid (Glu)
Non-protein Nitrogen (NPN)
Componds in Plasma
Essential Amino Acids:
• Phenylalanine (Phe)
• Methionine (Met)
• Valine (Val)
• Histidine (His)
• Tryptophan (Trp)
• Arginine (Arg)
• Threonine (Thr)
• Lysine (Lys)
• Isoleucine (Ile)
• Leucine (Leu)
Non-protein Nitrogen (NPN)
Componds in Plasma
• Urates
– salts of uric acid that are non-soluble
– minor concentration
• Uric Acid
– major waste product of protein catabolism in
birds
Non-protein Nitrogen (NPN)
Componds in Plasma
• Uric Acid
Non-protein Nitrogen (NPN)
Componds in Plasma
• Urea
– major waste product of protein catabolism in
mammals
– birds only have a trace
Non-protein Nitrogen (NPN
Componds in Plasma
• Urea
Non-protein Nitrogen (NPN)
Componds in Plasma
Uric Acid
Urea
Non-protein Nitrogen (NPN)
Componds in Plasma
• Creatine
– waste product of metabolism
– produced in muscles from creatine phosphate
for immediate energy
Non-protein Nitrogen (NPN)
Componds in Plasma
• Creatine
Lipids in Plasma
• Glycerol
– backbone of fats
– 3 Fatty acids + glycerol = triglyceride
Lipids in Plasma
Free fatty acids = energy source
Oleic Acid
Arachidonic Acid
Lipids in Plasma
Common name
Myristoleic acid
Chemical structure
CH3(CH2)3CH=CH(CH2)7COOH
Palmitoleic acid
CH3(CH2)5CH=CH(CH2)7COOH
Oleic acid
CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7COOH
Linoleic acid
CH3(CH2)4CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)7COOH
Linolenic acid CH3CH2CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)7COOH
Arachidonic acid CH3(CH2)4CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)3COOHNIST
Eicosapentaenoic acid
CH3CH2CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)3COOH
Erucic acid
CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)11COOH
Docosahexaenoic acid
CH3CH2CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)2COOH
Lipids in Plasma
• Neutral fats = energy source
Monoglyceride
Lipids in Plasma
• Phospholipids
– Have a phosphate radical attached
– Many functions
• used in energy metabolism
• part of cell membrane
– Highest concentration in laying hens blood to be
deposited in yolk
– Concentrations are under the influence of
estrogen
Lipids in Plasma
• Phospholipid:
Lipids in Plasma
• Cholesterol esters
– Build steroid hormone molecules
– From adrenal cortex and gonads
Metallic Solutes in Plasma
• Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mo (molybdenum),
inorganic phosphate (PO4-), Cl, bicarbonate
(HCO3-)
• Called electrolytes
• Found in plasma in :
– Ionic form
– Non-charged state
– Bound form = chelated
Metallic Solutes in Plasma
Chelation
• Chelation = binding a metallic element to a
large molecule like a protein.
• Major chelatable ions are Ca, Mg, Fe, and Cu.
• Chelation allows for large concentrations of ion
without the ion affecting the physiological
system.
• Chelation controls equilibrium of ion
concentration across cell membrane.