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Solutions 1.5-Page 51 Problem 27 Solve the differential equation by regarding y as the independent variable rather than x. ( x + ye y ) dy =1 dx The differential equation does not yet follow the general form given on pg.43. The dy derivative term ( ) is differentiating y with respect to x. Since y is the independent dx dy variable, it must be the other way around. Division by , and rearranging terms yields dx dx − x = ye y . This equation follows the form given on pg.43. The integrating factor is dy −1dy ρ ( y) = e ∫ = e−y Multiplying both sides by ρ ( y ) gives dx e−y − e−y x = y dy The left hand side is d (e − y x ) , so the equation becomes dy d (e − y x ) =y dy Integrating both sides gives d (e − y x ) ∫ dy dy = ∫ ydy y2 +C 2 Dividing by e − y gives e−y x = y2 x( y ) = e y + C 2 Problem 33 A tank contains 1000 liters (L) of a solution consisting of 100 kg of salt dissolved in water. Pure water is pumped into the tank at the rate of 5 L/s, and the mixture - kept uniform by stirring - is pumped out at the same rate. How long will it be until only 10 kg of salt remains in the tank? Using the terminology consistent with pg.49, ri = 5 ci = 0 ro = 5 x(t ) V (t ) V (t ) = 1000 − (5 − 5)t = 1000 x(0) = 100 co (t ) = dx 5x x = ri ci − ro co = − =− . The differential equation dt 1000 200 states that the rate of change of salt (x) is equal to the inflow minus the outflow. Since there is no inflow of salt (pure water is being pumped in) the rate of change of salt is dt dx equal to the outflow. Separating variables yields . Integrating both = − x 200 sides gives x(t). dx dt ∫ x = ∫ − 200 −t +C ln x = 200 −t ~ x = Ce 200 ~ Where C = e C ~ The initial condition is used to find C . −t ~ 200 x(0) = 100 = Ce ~ C = 100 The differential equation is x(t ) = 100e −t 200 x = 10 = 100e t = 460.517 s −t 200 t = 7 minutes and 41 seconds Problem 41 A 30-year-old woman accepts an engineering position with a starting salary of $30000 per year. Her salary S(t) increases exponentially, with S (t ) = 30e t / 20 thousand dollars after t years. Meanwhile, 12% of her salary is deposited continuously in a retirement account, which accumulates interest at a continuous annual rate of 6%. (a) Estimate ∆A in terms of ∆t to derive the differential equation satisfied by the amount A(t ) in her retirement account after t years. (b) Compute A(40), the amount available for her retirement at age 70. (a) Her retirement increases by 6% per year of what is in the account, plus 12% of her yearly salary. In equation form, this becomes ∆A = 0.06 A∆t + 0.12 S∆t . Dividing by ∆t and taking the limit as time goes to infinite gives the differential equation. dA = 0.06 A + 0.12S dt Substituting in for S gives dA = 0.06 A + 3.6e t / 20 dt (b) Rearranging the above differential equation gives dA − 0.06 A = 3.6e t / 20 . This is a dt linear first-order equation. − 0.06 dt ρ (t ) = e ∫ = e −0.06t Multiplying both sides by ρ (t ) gives dA e −0.06t − .06e −0.06t A = 3.6e −0.01t dt d (e −0.06t A) The left hand side is , so the equation becomes dt d (e −0.06t A) = 3.6e −0.01t dt Integrating both sides gives d (e −0.06t A) dt = ∫ 3.6e −0.01t dt ∫ dt − 0.06 t e A = −360e −0.01t + C A(t ) = −360e 0.05t + Ce 0.06t The initial condition of having nothing in the retirement account is used to solve for C. A(0) = 0 = −360 + C ∴ C = 360 A(t ) = 360(e 0.06t − e 0.05t ) Substituting t=40 will give the amount in the account when she is 70. A(40) = $1,308,283