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Ch 9
Cellular Respiration
What is Cellular Respiration?
The Big Picture
• Catabolic Pathways and Production of _____
ATP
FERMENTATION
– _________________catabolic process that is a partial
degradation of sugars that occurs without the use of
OXYGEN
____________.
CELLULAR RESPIRATION catabolic pathway that is the most
– _____________________OXYGEN
efficient and prevalent. ______________
is consumed as a
reaction with organic fuel. In eukaryotic cells,
MITOCHONDRION is the location.
_________________
– Formula of Cell Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6 O2  6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ENERGY
– Redox Reactions:
• Why do catabolic pathways that decompose glucose and other
organic fuels yield energy?
– The relocation of electrons released energy stored in
organic molecules and is used to synthesize ATP.
•
Na + Cl  Na+ + Cl-
• A redox reaction that relocates electrons (very electronegative)
RELEASES
closer to oxygen _____________ chemical
energy that can be
put to work.
• Example with Cellular Respiration Formula
Pg 162
– Energy Harvest via NAD+ and the Electron Transport
chain
GLUCOSE
• Cellular respiration breaks down ____________
and other
fuels in a series of steps that strip electrons from glucose
(creating sources of energy).
• For each electron, a hydrogen atom (proton) is present. The
hydrogen atoms are not transferred directly to oxygen but pass
+
NAD(nicotinamide
to an enzyme called ________
adenine
dinucleotide)
DEHYDROGENASE
• The enzyme __________________
removes a pair of hydrogen
atoms (2 e- 2 protons) from the substrate. The enzyme delivers
the two electrons along with one proton to its coenzyme,
NAD+. The proton is released as an H+ into the surrounding
solution.
• Formula
Pg 162
• NAD+ is ______________
REDUCED
to NADH. Each NADH molecule
formed during respiration represents stored energy that can be
tapped to make ATP when the electrons complete their
FALL
“________”
down an energy gradient from NADH to oxygen
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN to
• Respiration uses an ____________________________
break the fall of electrons to oxygen into several energyreleasing steps.
• Summary: FoodNADH ETC Oxygen
GLYCOLYSIS
• ______________
(the first metabolic stage of respiration)
– Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing GLUCOSE
___________ to
pyruvate.
– Two Phases
INVESTMENT phase: cell spends ATP
• Energy ______________
– Formula: 2 ATP  2 ADP + 2 P
PAYOFF
• Energy ______________
Phase: ATP is produced by substratelevel ___________________
PHOSPHORYLATION and NAD+ reduction to NADH by
electrons released from oxidation of glucose.
– Formula: 2 NAD+ + 4 e- + 4 H+  2 NADH + 2 H+
2 ATP and __
2
• Net energy yield from glycolysis per glucose is ___
NADH
• Glycolysis releases less than a quarter of the chemical energy
stored in glucose while the rest remains in the two molecules
of pyruvate.
• Diagram: Pg 166-167 fig 9.9
• Basic overview
awesome glycolysis
• step by step
Glycolysis
• The Citric Acid/ Krebs Cycle- occurs when oxygen is ______________
PRESENT
PYRUVATE
– ______________
enters the mitochondrion via active transport
where the enzymes of the citric acid cycle complete the
OXIDATION
______________.
– Steps of Citric Acid Cycle (p.169 Figure 9.12)
• 1. Pyruvate is converted to a compound called acetyl
ACETYL CoA
coenzyme A or _________________.
– During this step, pyruvate’s carboxyl group which is already
CO2 because
fully oxidized is removed and given off as ______
it has little energy.
– The remaining two-carbon fragment is oxidized forming
acetate. An enzyme transfers the extracted electrons to
NAD+, storing energy as NADH
_________.
– Coenzyme A is attached to acetate by an unstable bond
making the acetyl group very reactive. This results in
ACETYL CoA
______________
and is ready for its acetyl group to be
oxidized.
• 2. Acetyl CoA adds its two-carbon acetyl group to oxaloacetate
producing citrate
DECOMPOSE
– The next seven steps ______________
the citrate back to
oxaloacetate.
• 3. Citrate is converted to its isomer isocitrate by the
______________
of one water molecule and the addition of
REMOVAL
another.
• 4. Citrate loses a CO2 molecule and its result is
OXIDIZED
______________,
reducing NAD+ to NADH
• 5. Another CO2 is lost, and the result is oxidized, reducing NAD+
to NADH. The remaining molecule is attached to coenzyme A
UNSTABLE
by an ______________
bond.
PHOSPHATE
• 6. CoA is displaced by a ______________
group, which is
transferred to GDP, forming GTP, and then to ADP, forming ATP
SUBSTRATE phosphorylation)
(__________-level
HYDROGENS
• 7. Two ______________
are transferred to FAD, forming FADH2
and oxidizing succinate.
WATER
• 8. Addition of a ______________
molecule rearranges bonds
in the substrate.
• 9. The substrate is oxidized, reducing NAD+ to NADH and
REGENERATING oxaloacetate.
______________
– Krebs animation 1
– Krebs Cycle
• Electron Transport Chain
– The ETC is a collection of molecules embedded in the
INNER MEMBRANE
____________________
of the mitochondrion. The folding
of the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.
– Since the cristae contains many folds, it provides space for
THOUSANDS
______________
of copies of the chain in each
mitochondrion.
– Sequence of electron carriers (p. 171 Figure 9.13)
REDUCED
– Electron carriers alternate between ______________
and
oxidized states as they accept and donate electrons.
– Each component of the chain becomes reduced when it
accepts electrons from its “uphill” neighbor which is less
ELECTRONEGATIVE
________________and
returns to its oxidized form as it
DOWNHILL
passes electrons to its “______________,”
more
electronegative neighbor.
– Steps of the ETC
FLAVOPROTEIN because it has a
• The first molecule is a ______________
prosthetic group called flavin mononucleotide (FMN)
• The flavoprotein returns to its oxidized form as it passes
ELECTRONS
______________
to an iron-sulfur protein (Fe*S).
• The iron-sulfur protein then passes electrons to a compound
called ubiquinone. Ubiquinone is MOBILE
________within the
membrane rather than residing in a complex.
• Most of the remaining electron carriers between ubiquinone
and oxygen are proteins called CYTOCHROMES
______________.
HEME group which has an iron
• Cytochromes have a prosthetic ______
atom that accepts and donates electrons.
DIFFERENT
– Each of the cytochromes in the ETC has a ______________
electron-carrying heme group.
– FADH2, another reduced product of the citric acid cycle is
another source of electrons for the ETC. FADH2 adds its
electrons to the ETC at complex II at a ______________
LOWER
energy level than NADH does.
– Function of the ETC
DIRECTLY
• The ETC makes no ATP ______________.
EASE the fall of electrons from food to
• The function is to _____
oxygen to break a large free energy drop into a series of
MANAGEABLE amounts.
smaller steps that release energy in ______________
– _________________- The Energy Coupling Mechanism
CHEMIOSMOSIS
• ATP synthase is an ______________ located in the inner
ENZYME
membrane of the mitochondrion.
– ATP synthase makes ATP from ADP and inorganic
______________
PHOSPHATE
– ATP
synthase works like an ion pump in ______________.
REVERSE
– Uses energy of an existing ion ______________
to power
ATP synthesis by phosphorylation.
GRADIENT
– The power source is the proton gradient and therefore is
the difference in ______________ of H+ on opposite sides
CONCENTRATION
of the membrane.
• Chemiosmosis: The process where energy is stored in the form
of an H+ gradient ______________
a membrane being used to
ACROSS
drive cellular work. (Do not confuse with osmosis)
• P 171 Figure 9.14 4 Parts to ATP synthase
• How does inner mitochondrial membrane generate and keep
the H+ gradient?
CREATE the H+
– Electron transport chain purpose is to _______
gradient.
– The ETC pumps electrons across the membrane (from the
MATRIX to the intermembrane space).
mitochondrial ________
BACK across the membrane
– H+ has a tendency to move _______
so ions pass through a channel in ATP synthase to drive the
phosphorylation of ADP.
– The energy stored in an H+ gradient across a membrane
couples the redox reactions of the ETC to ATP synthesis: an
example of chemiosmosis.
PROTON
» This H+ gradient is referred to as ________-motive
force: capacity to do work
• Other examples of chemiosmosis
CHLOROPLASTS use to generate ATP during
– ______________
photosynthesis (light drives ETC)
PROKARYOTES generate H+ gradients across their plasma
– ______________
membrane, then tap the proton-motive force to make ATP
and pump nutrients and waste across the membrane, and
to rotate their flagella.
•
•
•
•
Electron Transport
ETC and ATP Synthesis
CR Overview (long)
ETC
•
Total ATP Production by Cellular Respiration
–
Energy flow: glucose NADH ETCproton motive force
ATP
–
Three main parts of cell respiration
•
Glycolysis (substrate-level phosphorylation):
__
2 ATP, __
2 pyruvate, __
2 NADH
•
Citric Acid Cycle (_________
Cycle) substrate level phos.:
KREBS
2 ATP, __6 NADH, __
2 FADH2
__
•
Electron Transport chain (oxidative phosphorylation):
__
32 or __
34 ATP
•
Totals: __
36 or __
38ATP
•
Fermentation
–
Fermentation consists of glycolysis and reactions that
REGENERATE
______________ NAD+ by transferring electrons from NADH
to pyruvate or derivative of pyruvate.
–
The NAD+ can be reused to oxidize sugar by glycolysis resulting
in two (net) ATP.
–
Two types of Fermentation
ALCOHOLIC
•
______________ Fermentation Steps:
– Pyruvate is converted to ethanol (ethyl alcohol) in two
steps. The first step releases CO2 from the pyruvate
which is converted to the two-carbon compound
acetaldehyde.
– In the second step, acetaldehyde is reduced by NADH to
ethanol. This regenerates the supply of NAD+ needed to
continue glycolysis.
•
Examples: :bacteria: yeast, humans use it to brew
beer, make wine, and bread.
–
•
•
______________
acid fermentation Steps:
LACTIC
ACID
– Pyruvate is reduced directly to NADH to form lactate as
an end product with no release of CO2. (Lactate is the
ionized form of lactic acid)
•
Examples of Lactic acid fermentation:
– Microbial fermentation produce acetone and methanol
HUMAN MUSCLE CELLS
– ____________________________
make ATP by lactic
acid fermentation when oxygen is scarce.
» Strenuous exercise when sugar catabolism for ATP
production outpaces the muscles supply of oxygen
from the blood.
» This build up of lactate causes muscle fatigue and
pain.
fermentation 1
Evolutionary Significance of Glycolysis
PROKARYOTES and ______________
EUKARYOTES use
–
Both ______________
GLYCOLYSIS
ATP
______________ to generate _____.
Chapter 10- Photosynthesis
•
Sunlight: the main source of ____________
on Earth
ENERGY
PHOTOSYNTHESIS process by which light energy from the
–
________________:
CHLOROPLASTS
sun is captured by ________________and
is converted to
SUGAR and other organic
chemical energy stored in _________
molecules.
AUTOTROPHS
–
________________are
“producers”: produce their food from
CO2 and other inorganic raw materials obtained from the
environment.
•
The main source of organic compounds for all
NONAUTOTROPHIC
________________ organisms.
•
Almost all plants are autotrophs, specifically
PHOTOAUTOTROPHS
___________________since
they use light as a source of
energy to synthesize organic compounds.
•
Examples: p.182 Figure 10.2
HETEROTROPHS
–
________________are
“consumers”: obtain their organic
material by consuming compounds produced by other
organisms.
•
Almost all heterotrophs are dependent on
__________________ for food and oxygen
PHOTOAUTOTROPHS
•
Introduction to Photosynthesis
–
•
Formula (LEARN): 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + LIGHT  C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Plant structure: p. 183 Figure 10.3
–
–
–
–
–
________________gives
CHLOROPHYLL
a plant or leaf its green color as it is a
green ________________located
within chloroplasts. It is the
PIGMENT
ABSORBED
light energy ________________by
chlorophyll that drives the
synthesis of organic molecules
MESOPHYLL
Chloroplasts are found in the cells of the ________________,
the tissue in the interior of a leaf
Carbon dioxide enters the leaf and oxygen exits by the
STOMATA
________________which
are tiny pores.
An envelope of two membranes encloses the
STROMA
________________,
the dense fluid within the chloroplast.
The THYLAKOIDS
___________ are a system of interconnected membranous
sacs that segregate the stroma from the thylakoid space.
GRANA
• Thylakoids can be stacked in columns called _____________.
MEMBRANE
• Chlorophyll is located in the thylakoid ________________.
–
The oxygen released from photosynthesis is due to the splitting
H2O and not _____.
CO2
of ____
H
• The _______
is incorporated into sugar and ____
O is released
as waste.
REDOX
– Photosynthesis is a _________
process
• Water is split, and electrons are transferred along with H+
WATER
ions from the __________
to CO2, reducing it to a sugar.
INCREASE in potential energy as they
• Since electrons __________
move from water to sugar, this requires energy which is
LIGHT
provided by ___________.
–
Photosynthesis is broken up into ____
2 phases:
DEPENDENT
• The light-________________reactions
(photo):
CHEMICAL energy (____
ATP
– Solar energy is converted to __________
NADPH
and ______)
– Light absorbed by chlorophyll drives a transfer of
electrons and Hydrogen from water to an acceptor called
NADP+
____________.
SPLIT and releases oxygen.
– Water is ______
– Solar power is used to reduce NADP+ to NADPH by adding
a pair of ________________along
ELECTRONS
with a hydrogen
nucleus or H+
– ATP is generated by chemiosmosis by
PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION
________________________.
– Two products: NADPH and ATP
•
Calvin cycle (synthesis): Light independent reactions (sort of)
CO2
– _______
from the air is incorporated into organic
molecules already present in chloroplast. This process is
FIXATION
called carbon ________________.
CARBOHYDRATE
– Next, the fixed carbon is reduced to ________________
by the addition of electrons. Reducing power is provided
by ________________.
NADPH
– To convert CO2 to carbohydrate, the Calvin cycle also
CHEMICAL
requires ________________
energy in the form of ATP.
– Dark reactions because it does not require light directly
but needs the products of the light reactions.
– Products: Sugar (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate then
GLUCOSE
________________)
•
Sunlight and the light Spectrum
–
Light is a form of energy known as electromagnetic energy and
travels in rhythmic _________.
WAVES
DISTANCE
•
Wavelength: the ________________
between crests of
waves
•
Electromagnetic spectrum: the entire spectrum of
RADIATION
<
________________
ranging in wavelength from _______
a
nanometer (gamma rays) to _______
a kilometer (radio
>
waves).
– VISIBLE
____________ Light: From 380 nm to 750 nm.
» ___________:
discrete particles that act like objects
PHOTONS
with a fixed quantity of energy.
INVERSELY
» Energy of photons is ________________
related to the
wavelength of the light; shorter wavelength, the
________________
the energy.
GREATER
» The sun radiates the full spectrum but the atmosphere
ALLOWS
only ________________
visible light to pass through.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
» Visible light drives ________________.
–
______________PIGMENT
substance that absorbs visible light.
• Different pigments absorb (and reflect) light of different
WAVELENGTHS
________________and
cause the absorbed wavelengths to
disappear.
• The color we see is the color that is the most
______________
by the pigment.
REFLECTED
– Example: seeing green or black, or white.
SPECTROPHOTOMETER instrument that can measure the
• ____________________ability of a pigment to absorb various wavelengths of light.
– It directs beams of light of different wavelengths through
a solution of pigment to measure the ________________
FRACTION
of light transmitted at each wavelength.
ABSORPTION
– ________________Spectrumgraph plotting a pigment’s
absorption v. wavelength.
» Pg 187 Figure 10.9
•
– Significance: By analyzing absorption spectra of
chloroplast pigments, scientists can compare the relative
________________
of different wavelengths for driving
EFFECTIVENESS
photosynthesis. (How do we know which wavelength is
most effective?)
ACTION
– ________________
spectrum- graph plotting the rate of
O2 release or ____
CO2 consumption) v.
photosynthesis (____
wavelength
________________the main photosynthetic pigment
CHLOROPHYLL
– Chlorophyll a v. Chlorophyll b- Chlorophyll b is an
accessory pigment that has a slight structural difference
which allows them to absorb slightly different colors (and
have different colors).
– ________________yellow and orange hydrocarbons
CAROTENOIDS
that absorb violet and blue-green light.
– These can broaden the spectrum of photosynthesis and
PHOTOPROTECTION ability to absorb and rid
provide __________________:
excessive light energy that would damage chlorophyll or
interact with oxygen.
–
Chlorophyll and Light
• When a molecule ________________a
photon of light, one
ABSORBS
of the molecule’s electrons is elevated to an orbital where it
has more potential energy (from ground state to
EXCITED
___________ state).
• A compound absorbs only photons that have specific
wavelengths which is why each pigment has its
UNIQUE
________________
absorption spectrum.
CANNOT
• The electron ________________
stay in an excited state so
will drop to its ground state which releases excess energy as
_____________.
HEAT
• Chlorophyll in isolation will also release light
FLUORESCENCE as well as heat.
(_____________)
• P. 189 Fig. 10.11
• Example: Car roof on a hot day (which is coolest?)
•
________________:
Reaction Center associated with LightPHOTOSYSTEM
Harvesting Complexes
–
Photosystems are composed of reaction centers surrounded
by a number of light-harvesting complexes that consist of
PIGMENT
____________
molecules bound to particular ___________.
PROTEINS
–
The number and variety of pigment molecules allow a
LARGER
photosystem to harvest light over a ________________
surface of the spectrum.
–
Picture:
–
•
Reaction Center- protein complex that includes two
________________chlorophyll
a molecules and a molecule
SPECIAL
called the primary electron acceptor.
• These chlorophyll a molecules, because of their environment
enable them to use the energy from light to boost one of
HIGHER
their electrons to a ________________
energy level.
• First step of the light reactions: ___________-powered
transfer an electron from the special
chlorophyll a molecule
SOLAR
to the primary electron acceptor (_________ reaction).
– Photosystems convert light energy to REDOX
chemical energy to be
used to ________________ sugar.
SYNTHESIZE
– The ________________membrane
contains two types of
THYLAKOID
photosystems
that cooperate in the light reactions.
Photosystem II (PSII) [first] (Chlorophyll a- ______) Photosystem I
(PSI) (Chlorophyll a- ______)
p680
p700
•
Reactions in the Photosystem- Noncyclic electron flow
pg190
–
–
–
–
Photon of light hits a ________________
in a light harvesting
PIGMENT
complex and is moved to other pigment molecules until it
reaches a P680 molecule in PS II. It excites one of the two P680
molecules.
The electron is then ________________by
the primary
CAPTURED
electron acceptor.
An enzyme splits a water molecule into two electrons, two H+
ions and ½ O2. Electrons are supplied one by one to the
p680
LOST to the primary
________
replacing an electron ______
electron acceptor. Oxygen combines with another oxygen to
form O2.
Each excited electron passes from the primary electron
acceptor of PS II to PS I by an
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
________________________________.
–
–
–
–
–
–
The exergonic “______”
of electrons to a lower energy level
FALL
provides energy for _____
ATP synthesis.
At the same time, light energy was ________________by
TRANSFERRED a light
harvesting complex to the PS I reaction center, exciting an
electron of a P700 molecule. The excited electron is then
captured by PS I primary electron acceptor, creating an electron
“hole” in P700. Hole is filled by an electron that reaches the
bottom of the electron transport chain from _________.
PS II
Excited electrons are passed from PS I’s
PRIMARY ELECTRON ACCEPTOR
________________________________
down a electron
transport chain through the protein ________________
(Fd).
FERRODOXIN
The enzyme NADP+ reductase transfers electrons from Fd to
REDUCTION
NADP+. Two electrons are required for its ________________
to
NADPH.
Summary: Light reactions use solar power to generate ATP
(chemical energy) and NADPH (reducing power) which will fuel
the ________________.
CALVIN CYCLE
non cyclic- good!
•
–
–
–
–
–
Reactions in the Photosystem- _____________
electron flow
CYCLIC
Under certain conditions, photoexcited electrons can take a
I but not
cyclic electron flow which uses photosystem ___
II
photosystem ___.
Electrons ______
CYCLE back from ferredoxin (Fd) to the
cytochromes complex and back from there on to a P700 in the
PS I reaction center.
ATP is ______________.
GENERATED
There is no production of ________________
and no release
NADPH
OXYGEN
of ________________.
Why use cyclic electron flow?
– Noncyclic electron flow generates an ________________
EQUAL
amount of ATP and NADPH but the Calvin cycle uses
MORE
_________
ATP than NADPH so cyclic electron flow can
provide more ATP.
– A rise in NADPH can result in shift to cyclic electron flow
which allows ATP to catch up to NADPH
(_____________________).
SUPPLY & DEMAND
Cyclic & noncyclic
Links!
•
•
•
•
•
cyclic vs non cyclic no narration
Cyclic & noncyclic
non cyclic- good!
non cyclic light rxn
Light rxn overview
CHLOROPLAST
BOTH
MITOCHONDRIA
photosystems capture
light energy and use it
to drive electrons to
the top of the
transport chain.
Have ETC in
membrane proteins
pump proteins across
membranes
High energy electrons
dropped down the
transport chain are
extracted from organic
molecules
chloroplast transform
light energy into
chemical energy in ATP
(and NADPH)
Electrons pass through
progressively more
electronegative
carriers
mitochondria transfer
chemical energy from
food molecules to ATP
(and NADH)
CHLOROPLAST
BOTH
The thylakoid
ATP synthase are
membrane of the
very similar
chloroplast pumps
protons from the stroma
into the thylakoid space
(interior of the
thylakoid), which
functions as the H+
reservoir. The thylakoid
membrane makes ATP
as the hydrogen ions
diffuse down their
concentration gradient
from the thylakoid
space back to the stroma
MITOCHONDRIA
The inner membrane
of the mitochondrion
pumps protons from
the mitochondrial
matrix out of the
intermembrane space,
which then serves as a
reservoir of hydrogen
ions that powers the
ATP synthase.
•
–
–
–
–
The Calvin Cycle
Similar to the citric acid cycle in that a starting material is
REGENERATED
_________________
after molecules enter and leave the
cycle.
But while the citric acid cycle is catabolic, the Calvin cycle is
ANABOLIC
_________________,
building sugar from smaller molecules
while consuming energy.
______
G3P (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate) is directly produced
from the Calvin Cycle (requires _________
turns of the Calvin
3
Cycle, fixing three molecules of CO2
Phase 1: _________________
CARBON FIXATION
•
CO2 molecules are fixated one at a time by the enzyme
RUBISCO
RuBP carboxylase (_________________),
attaching to a five
carbon sugar, ribulose biphosphate (_________________).
RuBP
•
This produces a six-carbon _________________so
unstable
INTERMEDIATE
that it immediately splits in half, forming two molecules of
3-phosphoglycerate (for each CO2).
–
Phase 2: _________________
REDUCTION
• Each molecule of 3-phosphoglycerate receives an additional
phosphate group from ______,
becoming 1, 3ATP
biphosphoglycerate.
NADPH
• Next, a pair of electrons donated from ___________
reduces
1, 3-biphosphoglycerate to G3P. Specifically, the electrons
from NADPH reduces the carboxyl group of 3phosphoglycerate to the aldehyde group of G3P, which
POTENTIAL
stores more _____________
energy.
• G3P is a sugar—the same three-carbon sugar form in
_________________ by the splitting of glucose.
GLYCOLYSIS
SIX
• For every ________
THREE molecules of CO2, there are ______
ONE molecule of this threemolecules of G3P. But only ____
carbon sugar can be counted as a net gain of carbohydrate.
• The cycle began with ___
15 carbons’ worth of carbohydrate in
the form of three molecules of the five-carbon sugar _______.
RuBP
• Now there are ____
18 carbons’ worth of carbohydrate in the
EXITS the cycle
form of six molecules of G3P. One molecule ______
to be used by the plant cell, but the other five molecules must
be recycled to regenerate the three molecules of RuBP.
–
Phase 3: _________________
REGENERATION
of the CO2 acceptor (RuBP).
• With a series of reactions, the carbon skeletons of five
molecules of G3P are __________
by the last steps of the
REARRANGED
Calvin Cycle into three molecules of RuBP.
• The cycle spends three more molecules of ATP. The RuBP is
now prepared to receive CO2 again, and the cycle continues.
• For the net synthesis of one G3P molecule, the Calvin cycle
CONSUMES
______________
a total of 9 molecules of ATP and six
molecules of NADPH.
STARTING
• G3P becomes the _________________
molecule for
metabolic pathways for other organic compounds.
EMERGENT
• Photosynthesis is an _________________
property of the
chloroplast which integrates both stages (neither could
EXIST
_________________
on its own).
Calvin Cycle Links
•
•
•
•
Calvin Cycle 1
Calvin Cycle step by step
Calvin cycle step by step 2
PS review
•
–
–
–
–
–
–
Summarizing Photosynthesis’ Significance
Sugar in chloroplasts supplies entire plant with chemical
energy and carbon skeletons for the _________________of
all
SYNTHESIS
the major organic molecules of plant cells.
50% of organic material made by photosynthesis is consumed
MITOCHONDRIA
as fuel for cellular respiration in the _________________of
plant cells.
Sometimes there is a loss of photosynthetic products to
_________________
PHOTORESPIRATION
Only green cells are autotrophic parts of plant. The rest
depends on molecules such as carbohydrates to be
transported out of the leaves in the form of
SUCROSE
_________________.
Most plants manage to make more organic fuel than they need
to use so they can store it in the form of _________________
STARCH
(chloroplasts).
OXYGEN
Photosynthesis is responsible for the _________________in
our atmosphere.