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WP: Investigation 1, Part 1 Vocabulary Sun: an average star at the center of the solar system around which all other solar-system bodies revolve Solar System: the sun and all the bodies that orbit it, including the planets and their moons, the asteroids, and the comets. Orbit: the path an object takes around another object; for example, Earth has an orbit around the sun Planet: a large natural object that orbits around a star, such as the Sun Asteroid: a rocky object, which can be a few hundred meters to several hundred kilometers wide, that orbits the sun Comet: a small body of ice and dust that orbits the Sun in a large oval path Content Entries What is the Sun? What is the solar system? WP: Investigation 1, Part 2 Vocabulary Gravity: the force of attraction between two objects; larger bodies, like the Sun have a greater force of gravity revolve: to travel in a path or orbit around another object; for example, Earth revolves around the Sun revolution: occurs when an object travels in an orbit and returns to its starting position. It takes Earth 1 year to make a complete revolution around the Sun. Content Entries What is gravity? Why do planets travel around the sun in circular paths? WP: Investigation 2, Part 1 Vocabulary pendulum: a mass (bob) hanging from a fixed point that is free to swing to and fro cycle: a motion that repeats itself variable: anything that you can change in an experiment that might affect the outcome Content Entries What is a variable? What variables might affect the number of cycles the pendulum makes in 15 seconds? Where have you seen a pendulum? WP: Investigation 2, Part 2 Vocabulary standard: the basic procedure used in a controlled experiment, before changing any of the variables experiment: an investigation designed to find out how variables affect outcomes controlled variable: a variable that is not allowed to change in an experiment controlled experiment: one in which one, and only one, variable is changed in order to assess its effect Content Entries Which variables made no difference in the number of swings? Which variable did make a difference in the number of swings? What is the relationship between the length of a pendulum and the number of swings it makes in a unit of time? WP: Investigation 2, Part 3 Vocabulary Independent variable: changed in an experiment to find out how it affects the experiment outcome Dependent variable: changes in response to changes in the independent variable. Two-coordinate graph: a display of experimental data that shows a relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable prediction: a reasoned estimation of a future event based on context, data, or experience Content Entries What is a two-coordinate graph? What is a prediction? WP: Investigation 3, Part 1 Vocabulary evaporation: water changes from liquid to gas water vapor: the gas state of water Content Entries What happens to a wet paper towel in an open cup? What happens to the water in a paper towel when it evaporates? WP: Investigation 3, Part 2 Vocabulary seriate: to put objects in order by one property, like amount of water left thermometer: a tool used to measure temperature Content Entries Where did most evaporation happen? Where did the least evaporation happen? WP: Investigation 3, Part 3 Vocabulary Surface Area: the area of a liquid exposed to or touching the air Content Entries How does the surface area of a volume of water affect evaporation? WP: Investigation 3, Part 4 Vocabulary condensation: when water vapor contracts a cool surface, it condenses and become liquid water frost: when water vapor contacts a surface below freezing, it condenses and freezes freezing point: the temperature at which water changes state from liquid to solid; for water it’s 0 degrees Celsius Content Entries Where does that water that forms on the outside of a cup of ice water come from? What causes frost to form? WP: Investigation 4, Part 1 Vocabulary Earth material: a nonliving substance that makes up or comes from the earth Solar energy: energy from the sun; takes several forms including visible light and infrared light that can be felt as heat Energy transfer: the change of energy from one form to another (such as light to heat), or the movement of energy from one object to another (such as heat moving from air to water). Heat sink: a material, such as water, that can absorb a large amount of heat Content Entries What happens to materials exposed to solar energy? Do soil and water heat up at the same rate? WP: Investigation 4, Part 2 Vocabulary Materials sink in water that are denser than water. Materials float in water if they are less dense than water. Convection current: a circular current in a fluid caused by uneven heating Content Entries Is hot water denser or less dense than roomtemperature water? How do you know? Which is denser, hot water or cold water? How do you know? What causes a convection current? WP: Investigation 4, Part 3 Vocabulary compress: to squeeze molecules, such as air molecules, into a smaller volume pressure: the force or push caused by moving molecules atmosphere: the layer of air around Earth Atmospheric pressure: the force applied in all directions by the air in Earth’s atmosphere Content Entries What happens when air is pushed into a smaller space? What causes atmospheric pressure? WP: Investigation 5, Part 1 Vocabulary Salt water: the water found in the oceans containing dissolved salts and other materials Fresh water: contains little or no salt, and is located in the atmosphere, glaciers, ice caps, lakes, rivers, streams, soil, and groundwater Water cycle: the process that recycles water by evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and flow Content Entries Where is most of Earth’s water found? Where is Earth’s fresh water found? How is water recycled on Earth? WP: Investigation 5, Part 2 Vocabulary Weather Variables: include the amount of moisture, movement, and heat in the atmosphere Severe weather: extreme and out of the ordinary in one or more ways hurricane: huge column of spinning air and water that forms over warm ocean water and gains energy from the warm water until it travels over land tornado: a column of spinning air that forms over land when warm, moist air encounters a mass of cold air thunderstorm: an electric rainstorm that forms when a cold air mass runs into a warm air mass drought: an extended period of below-normal precipitation Content Entries What is the Sun’s role in weather? What is the ocean’s role in weather? WP: Investigation 5, Part 3 Vocabulary Surface measurements: weather data collected at Earth’s surface with weather instruments Atmospheric measurements: weather data collected in the atmosphere with radiosondes attached to balloons Weather map: a picture of weather data displayed on a map of part of Earth’s surface Cold front: occurs when a mass of cold air collides with a mass of warm air and pushes the warm air high into the upper atmosphere Warm front: occurs when a mass of warm air collides with a mass of cold air and slides up over the cold air mass Content Entries How are weather data obtained? What kinds of data are displayed on weather maps?