Download Chemical Kinetics Catalysis and Chemical Engineering / L1

Catalysis as Phenomenon
Catalysis and Chemical Engineering / L1
Part 2
Outline
Catalysis and Chemical Engineering / L1
Part 1. Catalysis as phenomenon, subject of basic research and basis of
industrial processes.
Historical survey – people, discoveries, ideas.
Chemical bases of catalysis; catalysis as kinetic phenomenon.
Part 2. Chemical kinetics as a doctrine of chemical process.
Reactivity.
Chemical reaction and chemical process; reaction system.
Phenomenological and formal kinetics.
Catalysis as Phenomenon
Catalysis and Chemical Engineering / L1
Chemical Kinetics
Chemical Kinetics
Catalysis and Chemical Engineering / L1
CHEMISTRY
substances and their transformations
Chemical Kinetics
Catalysis and Chemical Engineering / L1
CHEMISTRY: substances and their transformations
Substances: structure and chemical properties (≡ transformations!!!)
Transformations:
- direction;
- time & space (i.e. environment);
- rate
Transformation vs. Reaction - ???
Reactions and Molecules:
chemical reaction ≡ transformation of molecules
i.e. microscopic level
Chemical Kinetics
Catalysis and Chemical Engineering / L1
Example. Diesel engine cylinder at work
Chemical Kinetics
Catalysis and Chemical Engineering / L1
Example. Diesel engine cylinder at work
Chemical Kinetics
Catalysis and Chemical Engineering / L1
CHEMISTRY: substances and their transformations
Substances: structure and chemical properties (≡ transformations!!!)
Transformations:
- direction;
- time & space (i.e. environment);
- rate
Transformation vs. Reaction - ???
Reactions and Molecules:
chemical reaction ≡ transformation of molecules
i.e. microscopic level – insufficient !!!
Chemical Kinetics
Catalysis and Chemical Engineering / L1
Chemical process –
chemical reaction (i.e. transformation of
molecules) considered in the aggregate with
accompanying physical effects and in specific
(particular) spatiotemporal circumstances
(conditions)
Transformations:
- direction;
- time & space (i.e. environment);
- rate
INTERRELATED !!!
Chemical Kinetics
Catalysis and Chemical Engineering / L1
Chemical Kinetics –
the doctrine of the Chemical Processes,
their mechanisms and development
in time and space
Chemical Kinetics
Catalysis and Chemical Engineering / L1
Chemical Kinetics as science discipline:
- subject and objectives
Chemical Processes, their mechanisms and development
in time and space:
what? where? when?
how? why?
- applications
what for?
Chemical Kinetics
Catalysis and Chemical Engineering / L1
Chemical Kinetics as science discipline:
- sections / branches
what? where? when?
- phenomenological and formal kinetics;
- macrokinetics (heat/mass transfer theory)
how? why?
- theory (dynamics) of elementary reactions
what for?
- chemical synthesis & analysis; - chemical engineering;
- chemical prognostication;
- environmental chemistry;
- catalysis; ….
Chemical Kinetics
Catalysis and Chemical Engineering / L1
Chemical Kinetics as science discipline:
- methods
math. analysis,
linear algebra
molecular physics,
molecular statistics,
kinetic theory of gases,
quantum chemistry,
solution theory
⇒
phenomenology and
formal kinetics
⇓
⇒
theory (dynamics) of elementary
reactions
⇓
theory of heat and mass
transfer;
thermal physics
⇒
macrokinetics
Chemical Kinetics
Catalysis and Chemical Engineering / L1
Chemical Kinetics as science discipline:
- applications
theory and practice –
general chemistry (inorganic, organic,
analytical, …);
applied chemistry (technical, industrial);
materials science;
petroleum and gas chemistry;
….
catalysis
chemical engineering
Chemical Kinetics
Catalysis and Chemical Engineering / L1
CHEMISTRY
substances and their transformations
Substances: structure and chemical properties (≡ transformations!!!)
⇓
reactivity
the ability of the given substance to undergo
certain transformation(s) in particular conditions
Chemical Kinetics
Catalysis and Chemical Engineering / L1
CHEMISTRY
substances and their transformations
Substances: structure and chemical properties (≡ transformations!!!)
⇓
reactivity
the ability of the given substance to undergo
certain transformation(s) in particular conditions
Catalysis as Phenomenon
Catalysis and Chemical Engineering / L1
Reactivity
Reactivity
Reactivity –
Catalysis and Chemical Engineering / L1
the ability of the given substance to undergo certain
transformation(s) in the particular conditions
⇒ qualitative & quantitative characteristic
Reactivity
Catalysis and Chemical Engineering / L1
Reactivity –
the ability of the given substance to undergo certain
transformation(s) in the particular conditions
⇒ qualitative & quantitative characteristic
Example. Reactivity: HCl vs. H2O2
Transformation type
HCl
H2O2
acide-base
(in water solution)
+++
+
---
+++
red-ox
(with organic compounds)
red-ox
(with metals)
+
(H2, хлориды)
++
(оксиды, …)
Reactivity
Reactivity –
Catalysis and Chemical Engineering / L1
the ability of the given substance to undergo certain
transformation(s) in the particular conditions
⇒ qualitative & quantitative characteristic
Example. Esterification of alcohols (Menshutkin reaction)
Nikolai Aleksandrovich Menshutkin
(1842-1907)
Qualitative characteristics: rate and deepness / fullness.
Conditions: temperature, solvent & additives, concentrations, mixing, etc.
Reactivity
Reactivity –
Catalysis and Chemical Engineering / L1
the ability of the given substance to undergo certain
transformation(s) in the particular conditions
⇒ qualitative & quantitative characteristic
Example. Esterification of alcohols (Menshutkin reaction)
Description
Nikolai Aleksandrovich Menshutkin
(1842-1907)
Qualitative characteristics: rate and deepness / fullness.
Conditions: temperature, solvent & additives, concentrations, mixing, etc.