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Body Systems Guided Reading Packet
1. ___________________ organisms are made up of cells, tissues, organs and organ systems pg 891.
2. A cell which performs a specific function (ex liver detoxifies) is referred to as pg894 ___________________
3. A collection of cells (tissue) which cover the glands, inside and outside the body are called pg894 ____________
4. A collection of cells (tissue) which provides support (eg ligament, tendons & blood) pg894 ___________________
5. A collection of cells (tissue) which transmit nerve impulses pg894 ___________________
6. A collection of cells (tissue) which move muscles and internal organs pg894 ___________________
7. The heart and liver are examples of different tissues brought together to make up pg894 ___________________
8. Organs like the veins, arteries and heart come to together to make up the pg 894 ___________________
9. Organisms keep internal and external conditions constant through this process (body temp, blood sugar) p895
___________________
Structures:
Functions:
Homeostasis
Structures:
Structures:
Functions:
Functions:
Homeostasis
Homeostasis
Structures:
Structures:
Structures:
Functions:
Functions:
Functions:
Homeostasis
Homeostasis
Homeostasis
Wordbank Page 1
Structures:
Structures:
Functions:
Functions:
Homeostasis
Homeostasis
Specialized Cells
Epithelial
Nerve
Organ
Organ System
Homeostasis
Specialized Cell
Multicellular
Connective
Structures:
Structures:
Structures:
Functions:
Functions:
Functions:
Homeostasis
Homeostasis
Homeostasis
NERVOUS SYSTEM – Chapter 35-2 pg 896
Neurotransmitter
Pain relievers
Synapse
Neuron
Nervous
Reflex arc
1. The function of the ___________________ S system is to control and coordinate the body (muscles &
temperature) and respond to stimuli (reflex – jerk or vomit)
2. Cells that transmit electrical impulses are referred to as pg897 ___________________
3. The location where the impulse is transferred from neuron to neuron pg 897 ___________________
4. This chemical signal allows the connection of two neurons pg900 ___________________
5. These chemical may bind to neurotransmitters or to the synapse preventing the pain signals from being sent (not
in book) ___________________
6. The pathway that a nerve impulse travels is called the p904 ___________________ – check out the longs nerve
in the body.
Put the following nerve impulse in the correct order (1-7)
Dendrites receive signal from tissue (pain)
Electrical signal sent along axon of neuron
Axon terminal releases neurotransmitter to
another nerve cell
Signal sent along spinal cord to brain
Brain reacts
Brain sends electrical impulse back to
neuromuscular junctions
Muscle responds to external stimuli (reflex)
Letter
Cell Body (nucleus and cytoplasm)
Myelin sheath (Insulation – protects
electrical impulse)
Dendrites – collect chemical signals from
the environment
Axon terminals – connect to other neurons
Axon – Sends the electrical impulse
A
B
C
D
E
Ch 36-1 SKELETAL SYSTEM - Pg 921
Bursa
Joint ligament
Saddle
Immovable
Growth Plate
Osteoporosis
Bone Marrow
Ball Socket
Arthritis
Cartilage
Hinge
Skeletal
Ossification
Pivot
Bone
1. The ___________________ system has 5 important functions, it supports the body, protects internal organs,
provides for movement, stores mineral reserves and provides a site for blood cell formation (bone marrow).
2. A solid network of living cells (osteocytes) and proteins fibers that are surrounded by deposits of calcium is what
makes up these hard structures p922 ___________________
3. This part of the bone is where red & white blood cells as well as platelets are made p922 ___________________
4. Collagen and elastin make up a flexible connective tissue that makes up your nose called p922
___________________ “SLIPPED DISK” OR DEVIATED SEPTUM (BROKEN NOSE), RIB CAGE AND
STERNUM (BREATHE)
5. The process of cartilage changing into bone is called p923 ___________________
6. The ends of the bone where bone growth occurs p923 ___________________
7. The joint in the shoulder is called a p924 ___________________
8. The joint in the elbow is called a p924 ___________________
9. The joint in the wrist allowing “twisting” is p924 ___________________
10. The joint in the hand “opposable thumb” is p924 SADDLE
11. The joint in the skull that allows the overlapping of skull bone during child birth p924 ___________________
(SUTURES – SOFT SPOT)
12. Connects bone to bone p925 ___________________ – ACL IN KNEE
13. A sac full of fluid which reduces friction between bones. P925 ___________________
14. An inflammation of the bone tissue causing pain in joints is called p925 ___________________
15. In older women bones may weaken in a disease known as p925 ___________________
CH 36-2 MUSCULAR SYSTEM 36-2
Smooth
ATP
Skeletal
Resistance
Cardiac
Aerobic
Actin
Exercise
Myosin
Tendon
Neuromuscular Junction
1. A type of muscle that moves the bones, is voluntary and sometimes referred to as striated (ex: hamstring and
bicept) is called p926 ___________________
2. A type of muscle not under voluntary control usually in the blood vessels, digestive tract (moving food) does not
need nervous stimulation p926 ___________________
3. A type of muscle found only in the heart, sometimes has 2 nuclei and does not need direct control from nervous
system – heart keeps beating with out brain. P927___________________
4. The muscle contracts because of thick bands of muscle protein called ___________________ and thin bands of
protein called ___________________ sliding past each other see fig 36-8 p928.
5. The energy molecule used to contract muscle fibers is called p928 ___________________
6. Where is the point of contact between the muscle fibers and the nerves? P928 ___________________
7. What tissue holds muscles to bones? P930 ___________________
8. Muscles grow (adding actin and myosin) and stay flexible through regular p931 ___________________
9. Exercise that adds efficiency and endurance is called p931 ___________________
10. Exercise that increases size, strength and coordination is called p931 ___________________
36-3 INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM – SKIN
Epidermis
Sebaceous
Keratin
Cancer
Dermis
Nails
Melanin
Four
sweat
Hair follicles
Integumentary
1. A system that protects from injury from UV light and infection, regulates body temp, removes waste (sweat) is
called the p933 ___________________ SYSTEM (SKIN)
2. The outer layer of skin made of living (rapid cell division) and non living layers (shedding skin cells) is called p934
___________________
3. The living layer of the epidermis produces a protective protein called p934 ___________________
4. Melanocytes (special skin cells) produce a pigment which absorbs UV light and determines a persons skin color
called p934 ___________________.
5. The inner living layer of skin which has blood vessels (expand and contract to control heat loss) and glands is
called the p934 ___________________
6. A gland in the dermis which removes water (heat), salt and other compounds during exercise is called p935
___________________ – Acidic ph protecting us from germs
7. A gland in the dermis which produces an oily secretion (sebum) and makes the skin flexible and waterproof is
called p935 ___________________
8. Excessive exposure to UV light may lead to the damage of skin cell DNA and ultimately to this disease p936
___________________
9. Hair is produced in tubelike pocket of the epidermal cells called p936 ___________________
10. At the tips of your fingers and toes rapid cell division and production of Keratin will produce
p936___________________
11. Fingernails grow about ___________________ times as fast as toenails p936
CH 37-1 THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM pg 943
Pacemaker
Systemic
Valves
Atria
2.6 million
Heart
Pulmonary
Circulatory
Ventricles
1. The ___________________ system consists of the heart, blood vessels and blood that transport nutrients, water
and waste to the cells of the body.
2. The 4 chambered pumping organ of the circulatory system surrounded by myocardium is called the p944______
3. Annually the human heart pumps ___________________ gallons of blood each year.
4. The upper chambers of the heart which store blood are called the p945 ___________________
5. The lower pumping chambers of the heart are called the p945 ___________________
6. Blood traveling from the heart – to the lungs – back to the heart travels through the ___________________
circulation p945.
7. Blood traveling from the heart – to the body’s cells – back to the heart travels through the ___________________
circulation p945.
8. As the ventricles contract pushing blood out of the heart the ___________________ prevent blood from flowing
backward p945.
9. If a heart is not beating normally a ___________________ may be inserted which stimulates a normal
heartbeat.
THE HEART
Aorta
Blood pressure
Stroke
Varicose veins
Heart attack
Veins
Hypertension
Capillaries
Atheroschlerosis
arteries
1. The main vessel leaving the heart is called the P946 ___________________
2. This strong (smooth muscle) and elastic blood vessel carries blood away from the heart (red) P946
___________________ – IF IT WASN’T ELASTIC IT WOULD BURST (HARDENING OF THE ARTERIES
(ARTERIOSCHLEROSIS)
3. The smallest blood vessel that allows exchange of oxygen, nutrients and waste is called p947 ______________
4. These blood vessels brings blood back to the heart (blue) near the surface of the skin and have valves which
prevent back flow of blood p947 ___________________
5. This condition occurs when blood “pools” in veins because of weak valves p947 ___________________
6. If blood vessels are partially blocked, a person is under pressure, dehydrated or sick the heart will have to push
hard against the blood vessels this a result in elevated pg 948 ___________________
7. A condition where plaque (fat) builds up on the inside of a blood vessel is called pg949 ___________________
8. High Blood Pressure may lead to heart disease (an enlarged heart) because of overworking. High blood pressure
is also called pg949 ___________________
9. When the coronary artery on the heart is blocked starving the heart muscle of oxygen this may happen pg 950
___________________
10. If a brain blood vessel is blocked by cholesterol or fat deposits this condition may occur p950 _______________
Label the following heart.
6.
3.
1.
4.
2.
5.
BLOOD CHEMISTRY
Blood
Cells
Hemoglobin
plasma
Phagocytes
Platelet
Lymphocyte
1. The body contains 4-6 liters of connective tissue that carries nutrients, water and waste called p951 ___________
2. 55% of blood is a straw colored fluid carrying gases, salt, nutrients and waste called p951 ___________________
3. 45 % of blood consists of red and white blood p950 ___________________
4. Red blood cells contain an iron rich protein that helps to transport oxygen called p952 ___________________
RED COLOR – LAST ONLY 120 DAYS – DESTROYED BY LIVER AND SPLEEN – NO NUCLEUS – MADE BY
BONE MARROW
5. These blood cell are the “army” which digest and engulf bacteria pg952 ___________________ – PHAGOCYTES
6. This white blood cell produces antibodies pg952 ___________________
7. This protein clots blood when a blood vessel is broken pg952 ___________________
CH 36-2 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Lung Cancer
Larynx
Respiratory
Bronchitiis
alveoli
Pharnyx
Breathing
Cilia
Mucus
Inhalation
Epiglottis
Emphysema
Diaphram
Trachea
1. The function of the ___________________ system is to supply oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from the
blood stream and tissues pg956.
2. The passageway for both air and food is called pg956 ___________________
3. The cartilage lined wind pipe is also called pg956 ___________________ – TRACHEOTEMY OPEN FOR
BREATHING
4. The valve which covers the windpipe preventing food from going down the wrong tube is called pg956 _________
5. This moistens the air and traps tiny particles in the trachea pg957 ___________________
6. These tiny hairs remove mucus and trapped particles from the respiratory tract pg957 ___________________
The voice box which has vocal cords that vibrate to produce sound is also called pg958 ___________________
7. Million of tiny air sacs where oxygen exchange occurs in the lungs is called pg958 ___________________
8. The muscular wall at the bottom of the thoracic cavity which allows you to breathe is called pg959 ____________
9. When the diaphragm contracts downward this occurs pg 959 ___________________
10. As the pH level of the blood drops (acidic) the rate of ___________________ is increased pg969. Delayed rate
of breathing increase because acid need to build up in blood.
11. An infection of the bronchi and bronchioles is called pg 962 ___________________
12. Exposure to carcinogens such as nicotine may cause pg962 ___________________
13. The hardening of the alveoli because of chronic smoking may lead to pg962 ___________________
Number
Organ and Description
Diaphram – contract to breathe in
Right Bronchi
Left Bronchi
Flap 12
esophagus
Bronchiole
Alveoli – capillaries exchange O
Trachea – made of cartilage –
tracheotomy
Larnyx – voice box and vocal cords
Pharnyx – food and air enter –
moistened and warmed
Nose – Septum – deviated septum
Mouth
Epiglottis
CH 38-1 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM pg 970
Calories
Esophagus
Nutrients
Amylase
Heartburn
Digestive
Vomiting
Chewing
Peristalsis
1. The average female burns 2200 and male burns 2800 ___________________ per day pg971
2. Materials such as water, carbs, fats, protein, vitamins and minerals used for growth, repair and maintenance are
called pg973 ___________________
3. The ___________________ system is responsible for breaking down and absorbing the nutrients required for
metabolic activities.
4. Mastication (mechanical digestion) is a scientific term that refers to the ___________________ of food using the
teeth and tongue pg978.
5. The enzyme in saliva that can break down (chemical digestion) carbohydrates in the mouth is called pg979
___________________
6. Chewed up food (bolus) travels from the mouth to the stomach through a smooth muscle lined organ called the
pg980 ___________________
7. The muscle contractions that move food down the esophagus is called pg980 ___________________
8. If toxins build up in the stomach (bacteria or alcohol) reverse peristalsis or ___________________ may occur.
Pg980
9. If the cardiac sphincter does not close stomach acids may leak into the esophagus causing pg980
___________________ OR ACID REFLUX.
Stomach
Pancreas
Chime
Small intestine
Pancreas
VILLI
Liver
LG. INTESTINE
Gal bladder
1. A muscular organ where chemical digestion (acids & enzymes) and mechanical digestion occur pg980
___________________
2. Bolus (balls of food) are converted to this pasty mixture called ___________________ in the stomach pg980
3. Enzymes from the pancreas and gal bladder enter this organ to break down fats (emulsification) and nutrients are
absorbed here pg 980 ___________________
4. This organ produces insulin, digestive enzymes and a mucus which neutralizes stomach acids pg981
___________________
5. This organ produces bile pg982___________________
6. This organ stores bile pg982 ___________________
7. This substance breaks down fat (emulsify) and is injected into the intestines pg 982 ___________________
8. Inside the small intestine are folds which increase surface area for absorption called p982
___________________
9. This organ has bacteria which produce minerals and water is absorbed pg984 ___________________
PEPTIC ULCER
DIARRHEA
CONSTIPATION
BACTERIA
1. When acids eat holes in the lining of the stomach this may result pg984 ___________________
2. Most peptic ulcers are a result Helicobacter pylori a type of pg984 ___________________
3. When water rushes into the intestines (infection) this condition may result pg984 ___________________ This
condition occurs if a person is dehydrated pg984 ___________________
Mouth chem. Digest sugar
A
Esophagus – peristalsis
B
I
C
J
K
Stomach – chem. Digest protein
– chime
Sm. Intestine – absorb nutrients
– bile emulsify fats
Appendix – vestigial organ –
bone?
Lg. Intestine – absorb minerals
& water
Rectum – compact feces
Anus – sphincter – open and
close
Liver – makes bile
Pancreas – Make dig. Enzymes
F
D
E
G
H
Gall Bladder – stores bile
Ch 38-3 p985 Excretory System – Kidneys – Urine Production - LABEL THE KIDNEY DIAGRAM TO THE RIGHT
Dialysis
Kidney failure
Fluids
Kidney Stone
Urine testing
Filtration
Urine formation
Nephrons
Bladder
Ureter
Kidneys
Excretory
reabsorption
1. The ___________________ system consists of the Skin (sweat), Lungs (CO2) and Kidneys which maintain
homeostasis by removing waste, balancing water, and maintaining blood pH.
2. The organ that removes waste from blood is called the pg986 ___________________
3. This organ drains urine from the kidneys pg986 ___________________
4. This elastic organ stores urine up to 16 oz pg986 ___________________
5. Inside the kidney are 1 million filtering units called the pg986 ___________________
6. There are three steps to creating urine pg 986
a. ___________________
b. ___________________
c.
___________________
7. Pain killers, antibiotics and illegal drugs do not last forever in the blood stream and are removed from the body in
urine. How can you detect illegal drug use? ___________________
8. If you do not drink enough water a salty protein crystal may form blocking the ureter called a pg988 ___________
9. The amount of urine depends on the amount of ___________________ ingested or not ingested (water balance)
pg988 YELLOW URINE = DEHYDRATED
10. High blood pressure, cancer or infection may lead to pg988 ___________________
11. If you lose both kidneys artificial filtering of the blood called p989 ___________________ may be necessary.
CH 40-1 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM pg 997
Endocrine Gland
Target
Hormones
Endocrine
Exocrine Glands
1. The ___________________ system is a network of glands that produce and release hormones into the
bloodstream.
2. Chemicals (proteins with a specific shape) that travel through the bloodstream and affect cellular activities are
called p997 ___________________
3. Hormones travel through the blood and attaches to a specific cell with receptors called the pg997 _____________
4. Sweat, tears and digestive juices are all examples of pg998 ___________________
5. When hormones are released directly to the blood stream the gland is called a pg998 ___________________
Letter
A
regulate the body’s metabolism
B
Produces insulin and glucagons
to regulate blood sugar
Produce estrogen and
progesterone
F
Produce testosterone - hair
Produces adrenaline – fight or
flight reactions – warm butterlies
in your stomach
C
E
D
Produces growth hormone (GH)
may make you gigantic
39-3 Reproductive System p1009
STD
Menstration
Luteal
Ovulation
Follicular
Reproductive
Menstrual cycle
Puberty
1. The ___________________ system produces and delivers games and regulated sexual development.
2. A period of rapid growth and development between the ages of 9-15 is called pg1009 ___________________
3. An egg is developed and released during the pg1013 ___________________
4. The egg develops and prepares for release from the ovaries during the pg1013 ___________________
5. A mature egg is released into the Fallopian tubes during pg1013 ___________________
6. During the first two days of this phase the woman is most fertile pg1014 ___________________
7. If fertilization does not occur the lining of the uterus will detach from the uterin wall and pass through in this phase
pg1014 ___________________
8. HIV,Chlamydia, gonorrhea, hepatitis b, genital herpes, genital wart are all examples of pg1015 _______________
Label the following diagrams pg 1012 in book