Download Unit 2 KeyTerms - HBS - Kenwood Academy High School

Lesson 2.1 The Brain – Key Terms
Brain Stem
Central nervous
system
Cerebellum
Cerebrum
Gyrus
Limbic System
Lobe
Peripheral nervous
system
Phrenology
Sulcus
The part of the brain composed of the midbrain, pons, and medulla
oblongata and connecting the spinal cord with the forebrain and
cerebrum.
The part of the nervous system which in vertebrates consists of the brain
and spinal cord, to which sensory impulses are transmitted and from
which motor impulses pass out, and which supervises and coordinates
the activity of the entire nervous system.
A large dorsally projecting part of the brain concerned especially with the
coordination of muscles and the maintenance of bodily equilibrium,
situated between the brain stem and the back of the cerebrum and
formed in humans of two lateral lobes and a median lobe.
The dorsal portion, composed of right and left hemispheres, of the
vertebrate forebrain; the integrating center for memory, learning,
emotions, and other highly complex function of the central nervous
system.
A convoluted ridge between anatomical grooves.
A group of subcortical structures (as the hypothalamus, the
hippocampus, and the amygdala) of the brain that are concerned
especially with emotion and motivation.
A division of a body organ (as the brain, lungs, or liver) marked off by a
fissure on the surface.
The part of the nervous system that is outside the central nervous
system and comprises the cranial nerves excepting the optic nerve, the
spinal nerves, and the autonomic nervous system.
The study of the conformation of the skull based on the belief that it is
indicative of mental faculties and character.
A shallow furrow on the surface of the brain separating adjacent gyri.
Lesson 2.2: Electrical Communication – Key Terms
Action Potential
Axon
A momentary reversal in electrical potential across a plasma membrane (as of a
nerve cell or muscle fiber) that occurs when a cell has been activated by a
stimulus.
A long nerve cell process that usually conducts impulses away from the cell
body.
Dendrite
Ion
Myelin sheath
Neurologist
Any of the usually branching protoplasmic processes that conduct impulses
toward the body of a neuron.
An atom or group of atoms that carries a positive or negative electric charge as
a result of having lost or gained one or more electrons.
In a neuron, an insulating coat of cell membrane from Schwann cells that is
interrupted by nodes of Ranvier.
A physician skilled in the diagnosis and treatment of disease of the
Neuron
Neurotransmitter
Reaction Time
Reflex
Synapse
nervous system.
A nerve cell; the fundamental unit of the nervous system, having structure and
properties that allow it to conduct signals by taking advantage of the electrical
charge across its cell membrane.
A substance (as norepinephrine or acetylcholine) that transmits nerve
impulses across a synapse.
The time elapsing between the beginning of the application of a stimulus
and the beginning of an organism's reaction to it.
An automatic and often inborn response to a stimulus that involves a
nerve impulse passing inward from a receptor to the spinal cord and
thence outward to an effector (as a muscle or gland) without reaching
the level of consciousness and often without passing to the brain.
The place at which a nervous impulse passes from one neuron to
another.
Lesson 2.3 Chemical Communication – Key Terms
Endocrine Gland
Endocrine System
Exocrine Gland
Gland
Glucagon
Hormone
Hypothalamus
Insulin
Pituitary Gland
A gland (as the thyroid or the pituitary) that produces an endocrine
secretion -- called also ductless gland, gland of internal secretion.
The glands and parts of glands that produce endocrine secretions, help
to integrate and control bodily metabolic activity, and include especially
the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, islets of Langerhans,
ovaries, and testes.
A gland (as a sweat gland, a salivary gland, or a kidney) that releases a
secretion external to or at the surface of an organ by means of a canal
or duct.
A cell, group of cells, or organ of endothelial origin that selectively
removes materials from the blood, concentrates or alters them, and
secretes them for further use in the body or for elimination from the
body.
A protein hormone that is produced especially by the pancreatic islets of
Langerhans and that promotes an increase in the sugar content of the
blood by increasing the rate of breakdown of glycogen in the liver.
Any one of the many circulating chemical signals found in all
multicellular organisms that are formed in specialized cells, travel in
body fluids, and coordinate the various parts of the organism by
interacting with target cells.
The ventral part of the vertebrate forebrain; functions in maintaining
homeostasis, especially in coordinating the endocrine and nervous
systems; secretes hormones of the posterior pituitary and releasing
factors, which regulate the anterior pituitary.
A vertebrate hormone that lowers blood glucose levels by promoting the
uptake of glucose by most body cells and the synthesis and storage of
glycogen in the liver.
An endocrine gland at the base of the hypothalamus; consists of a
posterior lobe, which stores and releases two hormones produced by
the hypothalamus, and an anterior lobe, which produces and secretes
many hormones that regulate diverse body functions.
Lesson 2.4 Communication with the Outside World –
Key Terms
Accommodation
Astigmatism
Blind spot
Cone
Cornea
Depth Perception
Hyperopia
Iris
Lens
Myopia
Optic nerve
Pupil
Refraction
Retina
Rod
The automatic adjustment of the eye for seeing at different distances
affected chiefly by changes in the convexity of the crystalline lens.
A defect of an optical system (as a lens) causing rays from a point to fail
to meet in a focal point resulting in a blurred and imperfect image.
The small circular area in the retina where the optic nerve enters the eye
that is devoid of rods and cones and is insensitive to light.
Any of the conical photosensitive receptor cells of the vertebrate retina
that function in color vision.
The transparent part of the coat of the eyeball that covers the iris and
pupil and admits light to the interior.
The ability to judge the distance of objects and the spatial relationship of
objects at different distances.
A condition in which visual images come to a focus behind the retina of
the eye and vision is better for distant than for near objects -- called also
farsightedness.
The opaque muscular contractile diaphragm that is suspended in the
aqueous humor in front of the lens of the eye, is perforated by the pupil
and is continuous peripherally with the ciliary body, has a deeply
pigmented posterior surface which excludes the entrance of light except
through the pupil and a colored anterior surface which determines the
color of the eyes.
A curved piece of glass or plastic used singly or combined in eyeglasses
or an optical instrument (as a microscope) for forming an image by
focusing rays of light.
A condition in which the visual images come to a focus in front of the
retina of the eye because of defects in the refractive media of the eye or
of abnormal length of the eyeball resulting especially in defective vision
of distant objects -- called also nearsightedness.
Either of the pair of sensory nerves that comprise the second pair of
cranial nerves, arise from the ventral part of the diencephalon, form an
optic chiasma before passing to the eye and spreading over the anterior
surface of the retina, and conduct visual stimuli to the brain.
The opening in the iris, which admits light into the interior of the
vertebrate eye; muscles in the iris regulate its size.
The deflection from a straight path undergone by a light ray or a wave of
energy in passing obliquely from one medium (as air) into another (as
water or glass) in which its velocity is different.
The sensory membrane that lines most of the large posterior chamber of
the vertebrate eye, is composed of several layers including one
containing the rods and cones, and functions as the immediate
instrument of vision by receiving the image formed by the lens and
converting it into chemical and nervous signals which reach the brain by
way of the optic nerve.
Any of the long rod-shaped photosensitive receptors in the retina
responsive to faint light.