Download PPT - McCreary County Schools

Chapter 17
Respiratory System
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2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied
or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied
or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied
or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Respiratory System Functions
• Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
• Production of sound
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© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied
or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Respiration
• External respiration
• Internal respiration
• Cellular respiration or oxidation
– CO2 leaves the cells and enters the
blood stream*
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Respiration
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© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied
or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied
or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Respiratory Organs and Structures
• Nasal cavity
• Pharynx
– This structure is a passageway for food & air*
• Larynx
• Trachea
– Connects larynx to bronchi*
• Bronchi
• FYI: nostrils, larynx, & trachea are made primarily
of cartilage*
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Respiratory Organs and Structures
• Bronchioles
• Alveoli
– Exchange of O2 & CO2*
• Lungs
• Pleura
– Allows lungs to expand to breathe*
• Mediastinum
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Respiratory Organs and Structures
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© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied
or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
The Nasal Cavity
• Anterior nares or nostrils
– Filter mucus & cilia*
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•
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Nasal septum
Turbinates or nasal conchae bones
Cilia
Olfactory nerve
Sinuses
– Located in skull surrounding nasal cavity*
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The Pharynx
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•
Also called the throat
Common passageway for food and air*
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Epiglottis
– If this were to suddenly stop working, eating could be
life threatening*
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The Larynx
•
•
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Also called the voice box*
Nine fibrocartilaginous plates
Mucous membrane
Glottis
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The Trachea
•
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Also called the windpipe
Hyaline cartilage
Mucous membrane and ciliated epithelium
Damage caused by smoking
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The Trachea
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The Bronchi and the Bronchioles
• Right and left bronchus
– Ciliated epithelium
– Hyaline cartilage
• Bronchi subdivide into bronchioles
• Alveolar sacs (alveoli)
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The Alveoli
(how you breathe)
• Sacs of single-layer epithelial tissue
• Surrounded by bed of capillaries
• Surfactant
– If a premature baby is lacking surfactant, artificial
surfactant may be given
– If a person did not produce surfactant, alveoli will
collapse, can not breathe *
• Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
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The Alveoli
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The Lungs
• Separated by the mediastinum and the heart
• The apex is the top of each lung; broad lower part is
the base
• Base rests over the diaphragm
• Right lung has three lobes; left lung has two
lobes
– How many lobes are in your lungs total?
• 3
• 5
• 9
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The Lungs
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The Pleura
• A thin, moist, slippery membrane of tough
endothelial cells that covers the lungs
– Allows lungs to expand during breathing*
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Each lung encased in double-walled sac
Pleurisy
Pleural fluid
Thoracentesis
Pneumothorax
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Video Time
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hc1Yt
Xc_84A
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or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
The Mediastinum
• Also called the interpleural space
• Located between the lungs*
• Contains the thoracic viscera
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Mechanics of Breathing
• The exchange of oxygen for carbon dioxide
• Pulmonary ventilation is called breathing
• Due to changes in pressure that occur
within the chest cavity
• Variation in pressure caused by cellular
respiration and mechanical breathing
movements
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The Breathing Process
• Inhalation/inspiration
– Causes movement of diaphragm enlarge the thoracic
cavity*
– Take a deep breath and hold it… does your chest rise?
• Exhalation/expiration
• Respiratory movements and frequency of
respiration
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Control of Breathing
1. Neural factors
2. Chemical factors
Your breathing rate is primarily regulated by neural and
chemical mechanisms. Respiration is controlled by
spontaneous neural discharge from the brain to nerves that
innervate respiratory muscles. The primary respiratory muscle
is the diaphragm, which is innervated by the phrenic nerve.
The rate at which the nerves discharge is influenced by the
concentration of oxygen, carbon dioxide and the acidity of the
blood.
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Lung Capacity and Volume
Lung volumes are directly measured; Lung
capacities are inferred from lung volumes.
The average total lung capacity of an adult
human male is about 6 liters of air.
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Types of Respiration
• Apnea
– temporary cessation of breathing, especially during sleep.
• Dyspnea
– difficult or labored breathing.
• Eupnea
– is normal, good, unlabored ventilation, sometimes known as quiet
breathing or resting respiratory rate.
• Hyperpnea
– abnormally deep or rapid respiration
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Types of Respiration
• Orthopnea
– is shortness of breath (dyspnea) that occurs when lying flat,
causing the person to have to sleep propped up in bed or
sitting in a chair.
• Tachypnea
– abnormally rapid breathing.
• Hyperventilation
– a condition in which you suddenly start to breathe very
quickly. Healthy breathing occurs with a healthy balance
between breathing in oxygen and breathing out carbon
dioxide.
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Effects of Aging
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Lung tissue loses elasticity
Rib cage becomes less flexible
Muscle strength decreases
Functioning alveoli decrease
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Disorders of the Respiratory System Infectious Causes
Most resp disorders are caused by infections*
• Common cold
• Pharyngitis
– Inflammation of pharynx
• Laryngitis
– Inflammation of larynx
• Sinusitis
– Inflammation of sinus
• Bronchitis and chronic bronchitis
– Inflammation of the bronchial tubes, causes coughing
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Disorders of the Respiratory System Infectious Causes
• Influenza (flu) & URI- highly contagious*
• Pneumonia
– lung inflammation caused by bacterial or viral infection, in which
the air sacs fill with pus and may become solid. Inflammation may
affect both lungs (double pneumonia), one lung (single
pneumonia), or only certain lobes (lobar pneumonia).
• Tuberculosis (TB)
– X-ray will show this in lungs, it means it has a dormant
(temporarily inactive) form that can become active if resistance is
lowered*
– tx with med. *
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or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied
or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied
or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Disorders of the Respiratory
System - Infectious Causes
• Diphtheria
– an acute, highly contagious
bacterial disease causing
inflammation of the mucous
membranes, formation of a false
membrane in the throat that
hinders breathing and
swallowing, and potentially fatal
heart and nerve damage by a
bacterial toxin in the blood.
– It is now rare in developed
countries because of
immunization.
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or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Disorders of the Respiratory
System - Infectious Causes
• Pertussis (whooping cough)
– a highly contagious respiratory tract infection.
– In many people, it's marked by a severe hacking cough
followed by a high-pitched intake of breath that sounds like
"whoop."
– Before the vaccine was developed, whooping cough was
considered a childhood disease.
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Disorders of the Respiratory System Infectious Causes
• Anthrax
– bacterial disease of
sheep and cattle,
typically affecting the
skin and lungs. It can
be transmitted to
humans, causing severe
skin ulceration or a
form of pneumonia
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Disorders of the Respiratory
System - Infectious Causes
• Severe acute respiratory syndrome
– (SARS)
– a contagious and sometimes fatal respiratory illness.
– SARS first appeared in China in November 2002. Within a
few months, SARS spread worldwide, carried by
unsuspecting travelers.
– SARS showed how quickly infection can spread in a highly
mobile and interconnected world
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SARS
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or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Disorders of the Respiratory System Noninfectious Causes
• Rhinitis
– inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose, caused by a
virus infection (e.g., the common cold) or by an allergic reaction
(e.g., hay fever).
• Asthma
– Bronchioles decrease and make it hard to get air, if you have an
inhaler, this will enlarge the bronchioles and help with air.*
• Athelectasis
– partial or complete collapse of the lung.
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Disorders of the Respiratory
System - Noninfectious Causes
• Asbestosis
– a lung disease resulting from the inhalation of asbestos
particles, marked by severe fibrosis and a high risk of
mesothelioma (cancer of the pleura).
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or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Disorders of the Respiratory
System - Noninfectious Causes
• Silicosis
– lung fibrosis caused by the inhalation of dust containing
silica.
– Coal miners lung
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Disorders of the Respiratory
System - Noninfectious Causes
• Nasal polyps
– soft, painless, noncancerous growths on the lining of your
nasal passages or sinuses.
– They hang down like teardrops or grapes.
– They result from chronic inflammation due to asthma,
recurring infection, allergies, drug sensitivity or certain
immune disorders.
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Nose Bleeds
• Epistaxis (epəˈstaksis)
– bleeding from the nose*
• Treatment
– Compress nostril, elevate and tilt head forward*
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Disorders of the Respiratory System Noninfectious Causes
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD)
– airflow that interferes with normal breathing and is not fully
reversible.
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Disorders of the Respiratory
System - Noninfectious Causes
• Cancer of the lung
– Leading cause of cancer death in men & women*
– Prognosis is not good
• Cancer of the larynx
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Disorders of the Respiratory
System - Noninfectious Causes
• Emphysema
– Chronic cough, bluish skin,
barrel chest*
– one of several diseases known
collectively as chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD).
– Smoking is the leading cause of
emphysema.
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© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied
or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Disorders of the Respiratory
System - Noninfectious Causes
• Pulmonary embolism
– is a sudden blockage in a
lung artery.
– The blockage usually is
caused by a blood clot
that travels to the lung
from a vein in the leg.
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or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Disorders of the Respiratory
System - Noninfectious Causes
• Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
– Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is the unexplained
death, usually during sleep, of a seemingly healthy baby less
than a year old.
– SIDS is sometimes known as crib death because the infants
often die in their cribs.
– Although the cause is unknown
– Researchers have identified some measures you can take to
help protect your child from SIDS. Perhaps the most
important measure is placing your baby on his or her back to
sleep.
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© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied
or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
RSV
Respiratory syncytial virus
• A virus that causes infections of the lungs and respiratory tract.
• It's so common that most children have been infected with the
virus by age 2.
• A very common virus that leads to mild, cold-like symptoms in
adults and older healthy children.
• RSV often spreads quickly in crowded households and day
care centers.
• The virus can live for a half an hour or more on hands.
• The virus can also live for up to 5 hours on countertops and for
several hours on used tissues.
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or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
You can catch RSV if:
1. A person with RSV sneezes, coughs, or blows their
nose near you.
2. You touch, kiss, or shake hands with someone who
is infected by the virus.
3. You touch your nose, eyes, or mouth after you have
touched something contaminated by the virus, such
as a toy or doorknob.
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The following increase
the risk for RSV:
1.Attending day care
2.Being near tobacco smoke
3.Having school-aged brothers or
sisters
4.Living in crowded conditions
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• Bronchoscopy
– Direct look at lining of respiratory tract*
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