Download US Territorial Expansion

Manifest Destiny
Map of United States Circa 1830
[It is]...our manifest destiny to over
spread and to possess the whole of
the continent which Providence has
given us for the development of the
great experiment of liberty…
- John O'Sullivan
Editor of “The Morning Post”
2
What is Manifest Destiny?
1. Belief that Americans had a God given right to
occupy the entire North American continent; to
spread from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific
Ocean.
2. Manifest Destiny was exercised in 1492 by
Christopher Columbus and the Spanish monarchs.
3. Our Pilgrim fathers exercised Manifest Destiny
when they landed at Plymouth in 1620.
4. Any act of colonization and settlement at the
expense of another race can be said to be an
expression of Manifest Destiny.
3
Reasons Behind Manifest Destiny





population Increase
economic depression hit U.S. between 1818 and
1839
abundance of cheap or free land in the West
expansion offered opportunity for new business or
commerce.
people began traveling new trails - Santa Fe and
Oregon trails
American Progress – Manifest Destiny
Complete OPTICS for this painting.
How has our
nation grown?
6
U.S. Territorial Expansion
When?
•1776
A - 13 Original Colonies
From Where?
•Great Britain
Why?
•U.S. declared
independence
from Great
Britain
7
A
U.S. Territorial Expansion
When?
•1783
B - Western Lands
From Where?
•Great Britain
Why?
•part of the results
of Treaty of Paris
(ended American
Revolution)
8
B
A
U.S. Territorial Expansion
When?
•1803
C - Louisiana Purchase
From Where?
•France
Why?
•Napoleon needed
money
•Jefferson wanted
to buy New Orleans
•He got all of this
instead!
9
A
C
B
Territorial Expeditions
Lewis and Clark 1804
•
•
•
•
•
Meriwether Lewis and William Clark
document territory’s people, plants and
animals
look for NW passage
Sacagawea – Native American guide
18 months over 4,000 miles reached
Pacific Ocean
Pike 1805 & 1807
•
•
•
•
Zebulon Pike – 2 expeditions
upper Mississippi River Valley and
present day Colorado (Pike’s Peak)
Great Plains and Rocky Mts
Rio Grande Valley and Texas
U.S. Territorial Expansion
Treaty with Great Britain
• United States and Great
Britain signed the
Convention of 1818
• settle issues left open from
the Treaty of Ghent (War of
1812)
• clarified northern border of
Louisiana Purchase - 49th
parallel
• land acquired known as Red
River Basin
U.S. Territorial Expansion
When?
•1819
D - Florida
From Where?
•Spain
Why?
C
B
A
•Adams-Onis Treaty
•Spain then sold it
to us for $5 million
12
D
Indian Removal
• President Andrew Jackson
• Indian Removal Act of 1830 – law allowed govt to pay
Native Americans to move west
• white Americans wanted land
• 1834 – U.S. established Indian Territory (Oklahoma)
• most tribes resisted removal
“One of the greatest evils to which they (Indians) are subject
is the incessant (constant) pressure of our population.”
John C. Calhoun
According to Calhoun, why is the U.S. govt forcing the
Native Americans to move off their land?
Indian Removal
Worcester v. Georgia 1832
• Cherokee refused – treaties from 1790’s U.S. govt
had recognized as sovereign nation
• Georgia refused to accept Cherokee status
pressured Indians to relocate
• Cherokee turned to U.S. Supreme Court
• Chief John Marshall ruled in favor of the Cherokee
stating that the land belonged to the tribe; Georgia
had no right to interfere with the Cherokee nation
Indian Removal
“Chief Justice John Marshall has made
his decision. Now let him enforce it.”
President Andrew Jackson
1) What is the job of the Supreme Court?
2) What is the job of the President?
3) What should happen if a government official
refuses to do his job?
The Trail Where We Cried….
The Trail of Tears
Complete OPTICS for this painting.
The Homestead Act: Opens the doors
• U.S. govt passed an act that allowed
people to purchase 160 acres of
Plains land for a very small price
• Act passed in 1862 divided 2.5
million acres of Plains land into
sections or homesteads of 160 acres
• People could now claim 160 acres of
land
• only requirement on their part was
that they paid a small administration
charge and built a house and lived
on the land for at least 5 years
17
U.S. Territorial Expansion
When?
•1845
From Where?
E - Texas
•Republic of Texas
Why?
•Texas independent from
Mexico in 1836
•northerners feared it
would enter union as a
slave state
18
•annexed under President
Polk
C
E
B
A
D
U.S. Territorial Expansion
When?
•1846
F - Oregon Territory
From Where?
•Great Britain
Why?
•claimed by four countries
(Great Britain, Russia,
Spain, and U.S.)
•Britain compromised
parallel and U.S. accepted
49th
19
F
C
E
B
A
D
Oregon Trail and Mountain Men




started in
Independence,
Missouri
tens of thousands of
settlers made their way
into the Willamette
Valley in prairie
schooners
2,000 miles to Oregon
Mountain Men the
leaders/guides to the
Oregon Country
Mexican – American War 1846-1848


Reason: Annexation of Texas; dispute over
southern border of Texas; U.S. claimed Rio Grande
River as border of TX and Mexico claimed Nueces
River as border of TX
President Polk declares war on Mexico with hopes
of expanding U.S. territory
Mexican – American War 1846-1848
Americans split over support of the war
• Northerners were opposed to the war
Henry David Thoreau used the concept of civil
disobedience and refused to pay taxes that would
provide money to support the war
• Southerners supported the war
many were interested in gaining new land to grow
cotton and spread slavery
Mexican – American War 1846-1848
Polk’s War Plan: three-part plan
1. American forces will push
out Mexican forces from
disputed area in Texas;
secure border
2. U.S. would seize New
Mexico and California
3. American forces would take
Mexico
Mexican – American War 1846-1848
In Texas many people rushed to join army welcoming a
chance to fight against their old rival Santa Anna. Over
6,000 Texans volunteered to fight.
“There is at last…an opportunity to pay off a little
of the debt of vengeance [revenge] which has
been accumulating [growing] since the massacre
of the Alamo…We trust that every man of our
army…will think of his countrymen martyred
[killed for their beliefs] at the Alamo, at Goliad,
and at Meir.”
Charles DeMorse
May 13, 1846
Outbreak of the MexicanAmerican War
Taylor
Scott
led an offense
into northern
Mexico
victories at
Monterrey and
Buena Vista
1847
sailed to Veracruz
and marched on
Mexico City
victories at Cerro
Gordo and Puebla
took capital in
Sept. 1847
U.S. VICTORY!
Other U.S. Forces
gained control of
California and parts
of New Mexico
Mexican – American War 1846-1848
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
February 2, 1848
Mexico
• recognized the
annexation of Texas
• recognized the Rio
Grande as the TexasMexico border
• agreed to give Mexican
Cession to the U.S.
United States
• agreed to cover the
$3.25 million in U.S.
citizens’ claims against
the Mexican govt.
• agreed to pay Mexico
$15 million for the
Mexican Cession
Mexican – American War 1846-1848
CAUSES
• American belief that it was
the right and duty of the
United States to expand
from the Atlantic to the
Pacific Ocean
• annexation of the Republic
of Texas by the United
States in 1845; increased
ongoing boundary dispute
between Texas/United
States and Mexico
• Texas/United States and
Mexico disputed whether
their border was the Rio
Grande or the Nueces River
•
•
•
•
EFFECTS
southern boundary of Texas
was set at the Rio Grande
River
Mexico ceded 50% of its
land including all of
California, New Mexico,
Nevada, Colorado,
Wyoming – Mexican
Cession
size and power of United
States increased
Manifest Destiny was
achieved
U.S. Territorial Expansion
When?
•1848
From Where?
•Mexico
G - Mexican Cession
F
Why?
•Polk offers to buy land
from Mexico but they
refuse
•War!
•U.S. wins
•Treaty of Guadalupe
Hidalgo U.S. offers $15
million
29
G
C
E
B
A
D
California Gold Rush 1849



largest growing city –
San Francisco
This is where we get
soaring prices, increase
in saloons, stores,
rooming houses. Why?
Gold Rush will only last
a few years but will
make California the
place for settlers to
move to
U.S. Territorial Expansion
Gadsden Purchase



1853: completed the US
expansion of the
southwest
paid $10 million to
Mexico
seen as a direct passage
from south to Pacific for
the railroads which
would expand trade
U.S. Territorial Expansion
When?
1853: Gadsden Purchase
completes continental United States
•1776: Great Britain
•1783: Great Britain
1846
1818
1803
1776
1783
•1803: French
•1818: Great Britain
F
•1819: Spain
C
G
•1845: Texas
•1846: Great Britain
1848
A
B
E
D
•1848: Mexico
32
•1853: Mexico
1845
1819
Manifest Destiny is Achieved!
The American claim is by the right of our Manifest Destiny to overspread
and to possess the whole continent which Providence has given us.
John O’Sullivan