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Manifest Destiny Map of United States Circa 1830 [It is]...our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty… - John O'Sullivan Editor of “The Morning Post” 2 What is Manifest Destiny? 1. Belief that Americans had a God given right to occupy the entire North American continent; to spread from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. 2. Manifest Destiny was exercised in 1492 by Christopher Columbus and the Spanish monarchs. 3. Our Pilgrim fathers exercised Manifest Destiny when they landed at Plymouth in 1620. 4. Any act of colonization and settlement at the expense of another race can be said to be an expression of Manifest Destiny. 3 Reasons Behind Manifest Destiny population Increase economic depression hit U.S. between 1818 and 1839 abundance of cheap or free land in the West expansion offered opportunity for new business or commerce. people began traveling new trails - Santa Fe and Oregon trails American Progress – Manifest Destiny Complete OPTICS for this painting. How has our nation grown? 6 U.S. Territorial Expansion When? •1776 A - 13 Original Colonies From Where? •Great Britain Why? •U.S. declared independence from Great Britain 7 A U.S. Territorial Expansion When? •1783 B - Western Lands From Where? •Great Britain Why? •part of the results of Treaty of Paris (ended American Revolution) 8 B A U.S. Territorial Expansion When? •1803 C - Louisiana Purchase From Where? •France Why? •Napoleon needed money •Jefferson wanted to buy New Orleans •He got all of this instead! 9 A C B Territorial Expeditions Lewis and Clark 1804 • • • • • Meriwether Lewis and William Clark document territory’s people, plants and animals look for NW passage Sacagawea – Native American guide 18 months over 4,000 miles reached Pacific Ocean Pike 1805 & 1807 • • • • Zebulon Pike – 2 expeditions upper Mississippi River Valley and present day Colorado (Pike’s Peak) Great Plains and Rocky Mts Rio Grande Valley and Texas U.S. Territorial Expansion Treaty with Great Britain • United States and Great Britain signed the Convention of 1818 • settle issues left open from the Treaty of Ghent (War of 1812) • clarified northern border of Louisiana Purchase - 49th parallel • land acquired known as Red River Basin U.S. Territorial Expansion When? •1819 D - Florida From Where? •Spain Why? C B A •Adams-Onis Treaty •Spain then sold it to us for $5 million 12 D Indian Removal • President Andrew Jackson • Indian Removal Act of 1830 – law allowed govt to pay Native Americans to move west • white Americans wanted land • 1834 – U.S. established Indian Territory (Oklahoma) • most tribes resisted removal “One of the greatest evils to which they (Indians) are subject is the incessant (constant) pressure of our population.” John C. Calhoun According to Calhoun, why is the U.S. govt forcing the Native Americans to move off their land? Indian Removal Worcester v. Georgia 1832 • Cherokee refused – treaties from 1790’s U.S. govt had recognized as sovereign nation • Georgia refused to accept Cherokee status pressured Indians to relocate • Cherokee turned to U.S. Supreme Court • Chief John Marshall ruled in favor of the Cherokee stating that the land belonged to the tribe; Georgia had no right to interfere with the Cherokee nation Indian Removal “Chief Justice John Marshall has made his decision. Now let him enforce it.” President Andrew Jackson 1) What is the job of the Supreme Court? 2) What is the job of the President? 3) What should happen if a government official refuses to do his job? The Trail Where We Cried…. The Trail of Tears Complete OPTICS for this painting. The Homestead Act: Opens the doors • U.S. govt passed an act that allowed people to purchase 160 acres of Plains land for a very small price • Act passed in 1862 divided 2.5 million acres of Plains land into sections or homesteads of 160 acres • People could now claim 160 acres of land • only requirement on their part was that they paid a small administration charge and built a house and lived on the land for at least 5 years 17 U.S. Territorial Expansion When? •1845 From Where? E - Texas •Republic of Texas Why? •Texas independent from Mexico in 1836 •northerners feared it would enter union as a slave state 18 •annexed under President Polk C E B A D U.S. Territorial Expansion When? •1846 F - Oregon Territory From Where? •Great Britain Why? •claimed by four countries (Great Britain, Russia, Spain, and U.S.) •Britain compromised parallel and U.S. accepted 49th 19 F C E B A D Oregon Trail and Mountain Men started in Independence, Missouri tens of thousands of settlers made their way into the Willamette Valley in prairie schooners 2,000 miles to Oregon Mountain Men the leaders/guides to the Oregon Country Mexican – American War 1846-1848 Reason: Annexation of Texas; dispute over southern border of Texas; U.S. claimed Rio Grande River as border of TX and Mexico claimed Nueces River as border of TX President Polk declares war on Mexico with hopes of expanding U.S. territory Mexican – American War 1846-1848 Americans split over support of the war • Northerners were opposed to the war Henry David Thoreau used the concept of civil disobedience and refused to pay taxes that would provide money to support the war • Southerners supported the war many were interested in gaining new land to grow cotton and spread slavery Mexican – American War 1846-1848 Polk’s War Plan: three-part plan 1. American forces will push out Mexican forces from disputed area in Texas; secure border 2. U.S. would seize New Mexico and California 3. American forces would take Mexico Mexican – American War 1846-1848 In Texas many people rushed to join army welcoming a chance to fight against their old rival Santa Anna. Over 6,000 Texans volunteered to fight. “There is at last…an opportunity to pay off a little of the debt of vengeance [revenge] which has been accumulating [growing] since the massacre of the Alamo…We trust that every man of our army…will think of his countrymen martyred [killed for their beliefs] at the Alamo, at Goliad, and at Meir.” Charles DeMorse May 13, 1846 Outbreak of the MexicanAmerican War Taylor Scott led an offense into northern Mexico victories at Monterrey and Buena Vista 1847 sailed to Veracruz and marched on Mexico City victories at Cerro Gordo and Puebla took capital in Sept. 1847 U.S. VICTORY! Other U.S. Forces gained control of California and parts of New Mexico Mexican – American War 1846-1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo February 2, 1848 Mexico • recognized the annexation of Texas • recognized the Rio Grande as the TexasMexico border • agreed to give Mexican Cession to the U.S. United States • agreed to cover the $3.25 million in U.S. citizens’ claims against the Mexican govt. • agreed to pay Mexico $15 million for the Mexican Cession Mexican – American War 1846-1848 CAUSES • American belief that it was the right and duty of the United States to expand from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean • annexation of the Republic of Texas by the United States in 1845; increased ongoing boundary dispute between Texas/United States and Mexico • Texas/United States and Mexico disputed whether their border was the Rio Grande or the Nueces River • • • • EFFECTS southern boundary of Texas was set at the Rio Grande River Mexico ceded 50% of its land including all of California, New Mexico, Nevada, Colorado, Wyoming – Mexican Cession size and power of United States increased Manifest Destiny was achieved U.S. Territorial Expansion When? •1848 From Where? •Mexico G - Mexican Cession F Why? •Polk offers to buy land from Mexico but they refuse •War! •U.S. wins •Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo U.S. offers $15 million 29 G C E B A D California Gold Rush 1849 largest growing city – San Francisco This is where we get soaring prices, increase in saloons, stores, rooming houses. Why? Gold Rush will only last a few years but will make California the place for settlers to move to U.S. Territorial Expansion Gadsden Purchase 1853: completed the US expansion of the southwest paid $10 million to Mexico seen as a direct passage from south to Pacific for the railroads which would expand trade U.S. Territorial Expansion When? 1853: Gadsden Purchase completes continental United States •1776: Great Britain •1783: Great Britain 1846 1818 1803 1776 1783 •1803: French •1818: Great Britain F •1819: Spain C G •1845: Texas •1846: Great Britain 1848 A B E D •1848: Mexico 32 •1853: Mexico 1845 1819 Manifest Destiny is Achieved! The American claim is by the right of our Manifest Destiny to overspread and to possess the whole continent which Providence has given us. John O’Sullivan