Download Chapter 6 - Biobound 2015

2015
Chapter 6
Bio Bound
This section introduces the energy concepts within the cell.
1) What is the relationship between cellular respiration and photosynthesis? (HINT:
students should know the balanced equation for each.)
o
Know the equation and opposite equation
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C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O
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Cellular respiration is the forward reaction, photosynthesis is the reverse
reaction
2) What is the primary goal of cellular respiration? Approximately how many
molecules of ATP are created for each molecule of glucose?
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The primary goal is to make ATP for cellular energy
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32 molecules of ATP are created for each molecule of glucose
3) What are electron transport chains, and why are they so important? In which two
important organelles do they exist?
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Electron transport chains (ETCs)

Allows you to move electrons through a membrane to do things in a
more suitable manner

Electrons want to break one bond at a time to be more efficient rather
than doing everything all at once

Allow you to slowly release energy to make ATP
2 organelles in which they exist

Mitocrondria and chloroplasts
4) What are the names of the three major stages of cellular respiration, and where
does each occur?
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Glycolysis

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It is the splitting of sugar

1 glucose turns to 2 pyruvates

Products become 2 ATP and 2 NADH
Occurs in the cytosol of the cell
Citric Acid Cycle
o

Occurs in the mitochondria (refer to chapter 4 for location)

Products are 0 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 CO2
Oxidative Phosphorylation

Transports electrons to an electron transport chain embedded in the
inner mitochondrial membrane. Used to form ATP

Products are 6 NADH, 2 ATP, and 2 FADH2
5) What is the name of the three-carbon molecule produced during glycolysis, and
how many are formed from each molecule of glucose? How many molecules of
ATP are used and produced during glycolysis? How many molecules of NADH are
produced during glycolysis?
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2 Pyruvates are formed from each molecule of glucose
2 ATP molecules are produced
2 molecules of NADH are produced and used
2 molecules of NADH are produced
6) Why is pyruvate oxidation required? How many molecules of ATP, NADH and
CO2 are produced from each molecule of pyruvate? What is the most important
role of the citric acid (Krebs) cycle? How many molecules of ATP, NADH, FADH2, and
CO2 are produced from each molecule of glucose? What combines with acetyl
CoA to form citrate? How many cycles are completed for each molecule of
glucose?
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o
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Pyruvate oxidation
 Required to make a 2-carbon molecule
 What is produced per 1 molecule of pyruvate:
 0 ATP
 1 NADH
 1 CO2
Most important rule of the Citric Acid Cycle?
 Produces energy carriers and breaks the remaining bonds
2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 4 CO2 are produced from each molecule of
glucose.
Oxaloacetate
 combines acetyl CoA to form citrate
2 cycles for each molecule of glucose
7) What is the most important role of oxidative phosphorylation? How many
molecules of ATP, NADH, FADH2, and CO2 are produced from each molecule of
glucose? Why is oxygen required during this stage, and what is its ultimate fate?
How are hydrogen ions moved into the intermembrane space, and what is the result
of this accumulation? What are ATP synthase and chemiosmosis?
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o
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Most important role of oxidative phosphorylation
 To make lots of ATP
The total amount (through all 3 steps) of molecules produced
 32 ATP
 10 NADH
 2 FADH2
 6 CO2
Oxygens importance
 Acts to draw the electrons in/the final electron receiver
 Will combine with those electrons and hydrogen to form water.
They are moved there as electrons float through the electron transport chain.
Creates a huge gradient/accumulation of hydrogens.
The molecule that synthesizes ATP.
8) What is fermentation? What are one advantage and one disadvantage to these
anaerobic pathways? What are lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation? (HINT:
students should know the balanced equation for each.) What is the difference
between obligate and facultative anaerobes?
o
Making ATP without oxygen/anaerobic respiration
 Advantage: Making ATP. Disadvantage: Only beneficial to small
organisms.

C6H12O6 ➡ 2C2H8OH

(Alcoholic Fermentation)

C6H12O6 ➡ 2C3H6O3


 (Lactic Acid Fermentation)
Obligate: cannot survive in areas with oxygen
Facultative: can make ATP with or without oxygen
9) Into which stages of cellular respiration can fats and proteins be inserted?
o
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Fats: Glycolysis, and Acetyl CoA (pyruvate oxidation.)
Proteins: Glycolysis, Acetyl CoA, and Citric Acid Cycle