Download Section 5-5

Title: Dec 5­8:12 AM (1 of 29)
Section 5.5, pages 184­187
Title: Dec 5­8:12 AM (2 of 29)
Metals and Nonmetals
Two major groups of elements are the metals and the nonmetals .
Look at the examples below. Which ones are metals? Nonmetals?
How can you tell?
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1
Periodic Table of the Elements
H
Hydrogen
3
Lithium
11
Most of the elements are metals. They are listed 5
B
on the left side of the table. Nonmetals are on the right side.
13
The far right are a special group called the inert Al
gases, or noble gases.
Be
Beryllium
Mg
Sodium
Magnesium
K
Potassium
37
20
Ca
Calcium
38
Rb
Sr
Rubidium
Strontium
55
56
Cs
Cesium
87
Fr
Francium
Boron
12
Na
19
He
Helium
4
Li
2
Ba
Barium
88
Aluminium
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
7
6
8
9
N
O
F
Ne
Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Fluorine
Neon
14
15
Si
Silicon
32
16
17
P
S
Cl
Ar
Sulfur
Chlorine
Argon
33
34
35
Ti
V
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
Ga
Ge
As
Se
Scandium
Titanium
Vanadium
Chromium
Manganese
Iron
Cobalt
Nickel
Copper
Zinc
Gallium
Germanium
Arsenic
Selenium
41
42
43
Y
Yttrium
57
40
Zr
Zirconium
72
Nb
Mo
Tc
Niobium
Molybdenum
Technetium
73
74
La
Hf
Ta
Lanthanum
Hafnium
Tantalum
89
Ra
Ac
Radium
104
105
75
45
Ru
Rh
Rhodium
76
77
Ir
Pt
Iridium
Platinum
106
107
Actinium Rutherfordium
Dubnium
Seaborgium
Bohrium
Hassium
58
60
62
63
Cerium Praseodymium
90
91
61
Pm
109
Mt
Meitnerium
64
79
49
Cd
Cadmium
80
50
51
52
Sb
Te
I
Xe
Tellurium
Iodine
Xenon
81
82
Au
Hg
Tl
Gold
Mercury
Thallium
83
84
Pb
Bi
Lead
Bismuth
Polonium
65
66
67
68
69
70
Tm
Yb
Europium
Gadolinium
Terbium
Dysprosium
Holmium
Erbium
Thulium
Ytterbium
93
94
Np
Pu
Thorium
Protactinium
Uranium
Neptunium
Plutonium
95
96
Am Cm
Americium
Curium
86
At
Rn
Astatine
Radon
The noble gases are special nonmetals that are very unreactive...in other words, they almost never react with other elements.
Er
U
85
Po
Ho
92
54
Antimony
Dy
Pa
53
Tin
Tb
Samarium
Krypton
Sn
Gd
Promethium
Kr
Bromine
In
Eu
Neodymium
36
Br
Indium
Sm
Th
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78
Os
Hs
Nd
Silver
Osmium
Bh
Pr
Ag
Re
108
48
Pd
Rhenium
W
47
Palladium
Tungsten
Sg
59
46
Ruthenium
Db
Ce
Rf
44
18
Phosphorus
Sc
39
10
C
97
98
99
100
101
102
71
Lu
Lutetium
103
Bk
Cf
Es
Fm
Md
No
Lr
Berkelium
Californium
Einsteinium
Fermium
Mendelevium
Nobelium
Lawrencium
Metals and Nonmetals
Two major groups of elements are the metals and the nonmetals.
Property
lustre
malleability
conductivity
reactivity with acid
state at room temp.
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Metals
Nonmetals
Metals and Nonmetals
Which element appears with the metals, but usually acts as a nonmetal?
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Atomic Structure
What do you already know about the structure of atoms? (Brainstorm)
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Parts of an Atom
There are two main areas in an atom.
The center of the atom, where almost all of the mass is located, is the nucleus .
The nucleus is surrounded by an electron cloud .
Nucleus
Electron cloud
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Parts of an Atom
We said that, even though an atom is the smallest particle which keeps its properties, it is not the smallest particle of matter possible. Atoms are made up of three smaller particles. What are they?
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Parts of an Atom
What do you already know about protons, neutrons, and electrons?
See if you can fill in the following chart:
Particle >
Location >
Electric
Charge >
Relative
Size (AMU) >
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Proton
Neutron
Electron
Atomic Structure
Every element is made up entirely of atoms with a specific number of protons, neutrons, and electrons. All of the atoms of any element will have the same structure.
Exactly what is the structure of atoms in each element?
This is what we will be discussing next.
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Atomic Structure
Turn to the periodic table in the back of your book.
Every element is made up entirely of atoms with a specific number of protons, neutrons, and electrons. All of the atoms of any element will have the same structure...in other words, the same number of protons, neutrons*, and electrons.
*Actually, the number of neutrons can vary slightly even among atoms of the same element....we'll cover that shortly.
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Reading the Periodic Table
Symbol
Atomic number
17
Element name
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Cl
35.453
Chlorine
Relative atomic mass
Reading the Periodic Table
Atomic number
The number of protons in the nucleus. This number will not change
for any element. (If there is a different number of protons, it isn't
the same element anymore!)
Electrons
The number of electrons will be the same as the number of protons.
Why is this?
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Reading the Periodic Table
Relative Atomic Mass
The atomic mass is the average mass for an atom of the element listed.
Not all atoms of the same element have identical atomic mass.
Why?
What do we call atoms of the same element with different atomic mass?
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Reading the Periodic Table
Neutrons
The atomic mass is approximately equal to the total number of protons
and neutrons. So, the number of neutrons can be found by subtracting the atomic number from the atomic mass.
(Unless a specific isotope mass number is given, just round the atomic
mass for this)
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Reading the Periodic Table
17
Cl
For example, in chlorine, the atomic number is 17. This means there are 17 protons.
How many electrons are there?
The atomic mass is 35.453
35.453
Chlorine
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This rounds to 35. How many neutrons are there in an average chlorine atom?
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Reading the Periodic Table
Isotopes are written with the specific mass number of the isotope given.
For example, an some chlorine atoms have 19 neutrons, instead of 18. This isotope is written as Chlorine­36.
*Mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons...so an atom of Chlorine­36 would have:
36
Mass number
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­
17
protons
= 19
neutrons
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Homework
Atomic Structure
Fill in atomic structures, similar to what we just did during class, for the
following elements:
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Sodium
Beryllium
Chlorine
Calcium
Iron
Copper
Bromine
Argon
Oxygen
Helium
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Chemical Changes
Chemical changes are what happens to matter during a chemical reaction.
(In other words...they are what you see when observing a chemical property)
Chemical changes are different from physical changes in a couple of very important ways:
*During a chemical change, a new material is formed (for example, when you burn wood in a fireplace, you produce
smoke and ashes)
*Chemical changes are usually not reversible (you can't un­burn the piece of wood.
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Chemical Changes
There are five main signs you look for that tell you a chemical reaction has happened between two materials:
1)
There is a color change
2)
A solid has formed from mixing two liquids (this is
called a precipitate)
3)
Bubbles are formed, without adding heat
4)
There is a change in energy (heat is produced or absorbed,
light is given off)
5)
There is a change in smell (an odor given off)
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Chemical Reactions Demonstration
Create a chart like the one shown below to record your observations for each of the chemical reactions that are demonstrated:
Observations before reaction:
Observations during/after reaction:
Signs that a chemical reaction has ocurred:
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Chemical Reactions Demonstration
Reaction 1: Silver nitrate solution and Sodium chloride solution
Reaction 2: Iron and copper (II) sulfate solution
Reaction 3: Copper (II) nitrate solution and potassium iodide solution
Reaction 4: Hydrochloric acid and zinc metal (use a lit wooden splint to identify the gas)*
Reaction 5: Silver nitrate solution and Sodium iodide solution
Reaction 6: Magnesium metal and oxygen (combustion)*
Reaction 7: Iron (III) nitrate and potassium thiocyanate
Reaction 8: Silver nitrate and potassium dichromate
Reaction 9: Copper (II) chloride solution and Sodium hydroxide solution
Reaction 10:
Barium hydroxide and ammonium thiocyanate (solids)*
*What is the difference between an endothermic reaction and an exothermic reaction?
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