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Introduction to Renewable Energy Production Merja Mäkelä [email protected] South-Eastern Finland University of Applied Sciences Agenda • • • • • Introduction Centralized and distributed energy production Fossil energy Renewable energy Conclusions INTRODUCTION Energy consumption per capita https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_energy_consumption_per_capita (IEA) Total final energy consumption https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy Where does energy originally come from? • From nuclear reactions – Fusion in the sun – Fission in nuclear reactors – Radioactivity in the earth Some forms of energy • • • • • • • Mechanical, including kinetic and potential Chemical, in molecules Electric, from electric fields Magnetic, from magnetic fields Radiant, electromagnetic including light Gravitational, from gravitational fields Thermal, including heat Energy production system INPUT: ENERGY SOURCE OR SOME FUEL ENERGY CONVERSION DESIRED OUTPUT: HEAT ELECTRICITY MOVEMENT Energy production system in some more details INPUT: ENERGY SOURCE OR SOME FUEL ADDITIONAL INPUTS ENERGY CONVERSION DESIRED OUTPUT: HEAT ELECTRICITY MOVEMENT OUTPUT: EMISSIONS AND WASTE Often desired energy conversions Source: http://www.howtechnologywork.com/how-does-electricity-work/ Very important! Energy conversions and consumption FOSSIL FUELS RENEWABLE BIOFUELS FUSION IN THE SUN TRAFFIC INDUSTRIES STEAM POWER HEAT ELECTRICITY HYDRO POWER WIND POWER SOLAR POWER FISSION IN A REACTOR NUCLEAR POWER RADIOACTIVITY IN THE EARTH NUCLEAR REACTIONS GEOTHERMAL POWER FUELS ENERGY PRODUCTION PLANTS PRIVATE HOUSEHOLDS HEAT ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION Complicated financial relationships Source: https://www.frederickgreenchallenge.org/pages/handbooks/rs-handbook/chapter1 CENTRALIZED AND DISTRIBUTED ENERGY PRODUCTION Centralized large-scale power plants • Produced power dozens of megawatts (MW) • Large-scale facilities – Centralized, combined heat and power (CHP) plants (heat and electricity) • District-heating power plants • Using different kinds of fossil and renewable fuels – Nuclear power plants (electricity) – Hydro power plants (electrity) Pros and contras of centralized • + Less energy producers, less distribution supplier organisations (DSOs) • + Feasible management of network feeding • + Flexible production supply and demand • - Very expensive investments needed • - Long transmission power lines Distributed, small-scale power plants • Produced power typically in kilowatts (kW) • Small-scale facilities – Solar panels • Producing electricity – Solar collectors • Producing heat – Wind turbines • Producing electricity – Biomass and biogas plants Pros and contras of distributed • • • • • • • • + Mainly for local usage + Less losses, less conversions + Energy savings + Investments of solar panels and collectors becoming cheaper + Short transmission power lines when needed - + Often governmental subsidies used - Not very welcomed by DSOs in every country - Feeding the national grid not very profitable FOSSIL ENERGY Fossil energy sources • ”A fossil fuel is any combustible organic material, as oil, coal, or natural gas, derived from the remains of former life.” http://www.dictionary.com/browse/fossil-fuel • ”Fossil fuels are fuels formed by natural processes such as anaerobic decomposition of buried dead organisms, containing energy originating in ancient photosynthesis.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel Fossil fuel power system in some more details BASIC INPUT? ADDITIONAL INPUTS? ENERGY CONVERSION DESIRED OUTPUTS? NOT DESIRED OUTPUTS? RENEWABLE ENERGY Renewable energy sources • ”Renewable energy is any naturally occuring, theoretically inexhaustible source of energy, as biomass, solar, wind, tidal, wave, and hydroelectric power, that is not derived from fossil or nuclear fuel. • ”Renewable energy is generally defined as energy that is collected from resources which are naturally replenished on a human timescale, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat.” http://www.dictionary.com/browse/renewable-energy https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rene wable_energy Renewable or not? • Under discussion, for example: – Peat of marshlands and wetlands – Black liquor of pulp mills – Waste http://www.kp24.fi/uutiset/lehtiteema/1480/339354/10/Turpeennosto-hyv%C3%A4ss%C3%A4-vauhdissa-Keski-Pohjanmaalla Renewable energy Hydro power Hydro power system in some more details BASIC INPUT? ADDITIONAL INPUTS? ENERGY CONVERSION DESIRED OUTPUTS? NOT DESIRED OUTPUTS? Hydro power to electricity • From kinetic energy of water to mechanical energy and electricity – Water turbines in river dams – Usage of tidal power – Pumping to water storages http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity Wind energy Wind turbine system in some more details BASIC INPUT? ADDITIONAL INPUTS? ENERGY CONVERSION DESIRED OUTPUTS? NOT DESIRED OUTPUTS? Wind energy from wind turbines • From kinetic energy of wind to electric power of a grid Wind turbine http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f2B17La7U9c 0:40 SMASHVisualMedia 31 Source: www.energyeducation.tx.gov 15.2.2011 Solar power Solar panel system in some more details BASIC INPUT? ADDITIONAL INPUTS? ENERGY CONVERSION DESIRED OUTPUTS? NOT DESIRED OUTPUTS? Solar panels for electricity • From solar radiation – Using photovoltaic (PV) phenomena of solar panels for getting electricity http://www.eurosolar.co.uk/home/the-eurosolar-principle/ From solar radiation to electricity http://dnpsys.com/solution.php?id_cat_ser=12&sc=5 Solar collector system in some more details BASIC INPUT? ADDITIONAL INPUTS? ENERGY CONVERSION DESIRED OUTPUTS? NOT DESIRED OUTPUTS? Solar collectors for heat http://www.greenspec.co.uk/building-design/solar-collectors/ http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:IndirectSystemSchematics2.jpg Bioenergy Bio fuels from biological sources • Bio masses – Wood and wood waste – Straw and peat – Sugarcane – Manure – Waste • Bio gases from bio masses and different processes Cycles of biological sources Circular economy http://www.repp.org/bioenergy/link1.htm Biomass power system in some more details BASIC INPUT? ADDITIONAL INPUTS? ENERGY CONVERSION DESIRED OUTPUTS? NOT DESIRED OUTPUTS? Biomass-based power plant https://sites.psu.edu/lucasrcl05/2014/04/01/combining-heat-and-power-cogeneration/ Hydrogen technology and fuel cells Principle of a fuel cell • A fuel cell converts a fuel to electricity and heat. • A fuel cell is an electro-chemical device for energy production. • Hydrogen fuel can be produced using wind power. Working principle of a FC Source: Luschtinetz, FH Stralsund, 2015 DC voltage from chemical reactions + Electrical Current and Heat Out alternativefuels.about.com CONCLUSIONS Where does energy come from? • Need for heat and electricity • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aUa7I7D_ myU 2:03 phoenixfilmandvideo • http://www.energyquest.ca.gov/story/ California Energy Commission Some energy units • Amount of energy, energy content, enthalpy, for example [J] [kWh] [MWh] • Tonne of oil equivalent (toe) – Burning one ton of crude oil – Energy content 41.9 GJ (= 11.6 MWh) • Power [J/s] Heat transfer • Power in transfer Φ= 𝑞 ∗ 𝑐 ∗ Δ𝑇 Φ [kJ/s], q [kg/s], c [kJ/(kg C)], ΔT [C] • Change in enthalpy Q= 𝑚 ∗ 𝑐 ∗ Δ𝑇 Q [kJ], m [kg], c [kJ/(kg C)], ΔT [C] • Convection through a surface Φ= ℎ ∗ 𝐴 ∗ Δ𝑇 Φ [W], h [W/(m2 C)], A [m2], ΔT [C] Smart power generation and grids Source: Smart power generation, 2011 Final conclusions • In consumption we need heat and electricity. • Energy is produced in centralized and distributed production. • Both fossil and renewable energy sources are utilized. • Storages are asked for when using renewables. • Also with some biofuels we get harmful emissions. Thank you for your attention!