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Introduction to
Renewable Energy Production
Merja Mäkelä
[email protected]
South-Eastern Finland
University of Applied Sciences
Agenda
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Introduction
Centralized and distributed energy production
Fossil energy
Renewable energy
Conclusions
INTRODUCTION
Energy consumption per capita
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_energy_consumption_per_capita (IEA)
Total final energy consumption
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy
Where does energy
originally come from?
• From nuclear reactions
– Fusion in the sun
– Fission in nuclear reactors
– Radioactivity in the earth
Some forms of energy
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Mechanical, including kinetic and potential
Chemical, in molecules
Electric, from electric fields
Magnetic, from magnetic fields
Radiant, electromagnetic including light
Gravitational, from gravitational fields
Thermal, including heat
Energy production system
INPUT:
ENERGY SOURCE
OR SOME FUEL
ENERGY
CONVERSION
DESIRED
OUTPUT:
HEAT
ELECTRICITY
MOVEMENT
Energy production system
in some more details
INPUT:
ENERGY SOURCE
OR SOME FUEL
ADDITIONAL INPUTS
ENERGY
CONVERSION
DESIRED
OUTPUT:
HEAT
ELECTRICITY
MOVEMENT
OUTPUT:
EMISSIONS
AND WASTE
Often desired energy conversions
Source: http://www.howtechnologywork.com/how-does-electricity-work/
Very important!
Energy conversions and consumption
FOSSIL
FUELS
RENEWABLE
BIOFUELS
FUSION IN THE SUN
TRAFFIC
INDUSTRIES
STEAM POWER
HEAT
ELECTRICITY
HYDRO POWER
WIND POWER
SOLAR POWER
FISSION IN A REACTOR
NUCLEAR POWER
RADIOACTIVITY
IN THE EARTH
NUCLEAR REACTIONS
GEOTHERMAL
POWER
FUELS
ENERGY
PRODUCTION
PLANTS
PRIVATE
HOUSEHOLDS
HEAT
ELECTRICITY
CONSUMPTION
Complicated financial relationships
Source: https://www.frederickgreenchallenge.org/pages/handbooks/rs-handbook/chapter1
CENTRALIZED AND DISTRIBUTED
ENERGY PRODUCTION
Centralized large-scale power plants
• Produced power dozens of megawatts (MW)
• Large-scale facilities
– Centralized, combined heat and power (CHP)
plants (heat and electricity)
• District-heating power plants
• Using different kinds of fossil and renewable fuels
– Nuclear power plants (electricity)
– Hydro power plants (electrity)
Pros and contras of centralized
• + Less energy producers, less distribution
supplier organisations (DSOs)
• + Feasible management of network feeding
• + Flexible production supply and demand
• - Very expensive investments needed
• - Long transmission power lines
Distributed, small-scale power plants
• Produced power typically in kilowatts (kW)
• Small-scale facilities
– Solar panels
• Producing electricity
– Solar collectors
• Producing heat
– Wind turbines
• Producing electricity
– Biomass and biogas plants
Pros and contras of distributed
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+ Mainly for local usage
+ Less losses, less conversions
+ Energy savings
+ Investments of solar panels and collectors
becoming cheaper
+ Short transmission power lines when needed
- + Often governmental subsidies used
- Not very welcomed by DSOs in every country
- Feeding the national grid not very profitable
FOSSIL ENERGY
Fossil energy sources
• ”A fossil fuel is any combustible organic
material, as oil, coal, or natural gas, derived
from the remains of former life.”
http://www.dictionary.com/browse/fossil-fuel
• ”Fossil fuels are fuels formed by natural
processes such as anaerobic decomposition of
buried dead organisms, containing energy
originating in ancient photosynthesis.”
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel
Fossil fuel power system
in some more details
BASIC
INPUT?
ADDITIONAL
INPUTS?
ENERGY
CONVERSION
DESIRED
OUTPUTS?
NOT DESIRED
OUTPUTS?
RENEWABLE ENERGY
Renewable energy sources
• ”Renewable energy is any naturally occuring,
theoretically inexhaustible source of energy,
as biomass, solar, wind, tidal, wave, and
hydroelectric power, that is not derived from
fossil or nuclear fuel.
• ”Renewable energy is generally defined as
energy that is collected from resources which
are naturally replenished on a human
timescale, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides,
waves, and geothermal heat.”
http://www.dictionary.com/browse/renewable-energy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rene wable_energy
Renewable or not?
• Under discussion, for example:
– Peat of marshlands and wetlands
– Black liquor of pulp mills
– Waste
http://www.kp24.fi/uutiset/lehtiteema/1480/339354/10/Turpeennosto-hyv%C3%A4ss%C3%A4-vauhdissa-Keski-Pohjanmaalla
Renewable energy
Hydro power
Hydro power system
in some more details
BASIC
INPUT?
ADDITIONAL
INPUTS?
ENERGY
CONVERSION
DESIRED
OUTPUTS?
NOT DESIRED
OUTPUTS?
Hydro power to electricity
• From kinetic energy of water to mechanical
energy and electricity
– Water turbines in river dams
– Usage of tidal power
– Pumping to water storages
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity
Wind energy
Wind turbine system
in some more details
BASIC
INPUT?
ADDITIONAL
INPUTS?
ENERGY
CONVERSION
DESIRED
OUTPUTS?
NOT DESIRED
OUTPUTS?
Wind energy from wind turbines
• From kinetic energy
of wind to electric
power of a grid
Wind turbine
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f2B17La7U9c 0:40
SMASHVisualMedia
31
Source: www.energyeducation.tx.gov
15.2.2011
Solar power
Solar panel system
in some more details
BASIC
INPUT?
ADDITIONAL
INPUTS?
ENERGY
CONVERSION
DESIRED
OUTPUTS?
NOT DESIRED
OUTPUTS?
Solar panels for electricity
• From solar radiation
– Using photovoltaic (PV)
phenomena of solar panels
for getting electricity
http://www.eurosolar.co.uk/home/the-eurosolar-principle/
From solar radiation to electricity
http://dnpsys.com/solution.php?id_cat_ser=12&sc=5
Solar collector system
in some more details
BASIC
INPUT?
ADDITIONAL
INPUTS?
ENERGY
CONVERSION
DESIRED
OUTPUTS?
NOT DESIRED
OUTPUTS?
Solar collectors for heat
http://www.greenspec.co.uk/building-design/solar-collectors/
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:IndirectSystemSchematics2.jpg
Bioenergy
Bio fuels from biological sources
• Bio masses
– Wood and wood waste
– Straw and peat
– Sugarcane
– Manure
– Waste
• Bio gases from bio masses and different
processes
Cycles of biological sources
Circular economy
http://www.repp.org/bioenergy/link1.htm
Biomass power system
in some more details
BASIC
INPUT?
ADDITIONAL
INPUTS?
ENERGY
CONVERSION
DESIRED
OUTPUTS?
NOT DESIRED
OUTPUTS?
Biomass-based power plant
https://sites.psu.edu/lucasrcl05/2014/04/01/combining-heat-and-power-cogeneration/
Hydrogen technology and fuel cells
Principle of a fuel cell
• A fuel cell converts a fuel to electricity and
heat.
• A fuel cell is an electro-chemical device for
energy production.
• Hydrogen fuel can be produced using wind
power.
Working principle of a FC
Source: Luschtinetz, FH Stralsund, 2015
DC voltage from chemical reactions
+ Electrical Current and Heat
Out
alternativefuels.about.com
CONCLUSIONS
Where does energy come from?
• Need for heat and electricity
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aUa7I7D_
myU 2:03 phoenixfilmandvideo
• http://www.energyquest.ca.gov/story/
California Energy Commission
Some energy units
• Amount of energy, energy content, enthalpy,
for example [J] [kWh] [MWh]
• Tonne of oil equivalent (toe)
– Burning one ton of crude oil
– Energy content 41.9 GJ (= 11.6 MWh)
• Power [J/s]
Heat transfer
• Power in transfer
Φ= 𝑞 ∗ 𝑐 ∗ Δ𝑇
Φ [kJ/s], q [kg/s], c [kJ/(kg C)], ΔT [C]
• Change in enthalpy
Q= 𝑚 ∗ 𝑐 ∗ Δ𝑇
Q [kJ], m [kg], c [kJ/(kg C)], ΔT [C]
• Convection through a surface
Φ= ℎ ∗ 𝐴 ∗ Δ𝑇
Φ [W], h [W/(m2 C)], A [m2], ΔT [C]
Smart power generation and grids
Source: Smart power generation, 2011
Final conclusions
• In consumption we need heat and electricity.
• Energy is produced in centralized and
distributed production.
• Both fossil and renewable energy sources are
utilized.
• Storages are asked for when using renewables.
• Also with some biofuels we get harmful
emissions.
Thank you for your attention!