Download Human Organ Systems II

Chapters 17 & 18
Human Organ Systems II
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3
Endocrine System
• Hormone system
– Endocrine organs
called glands
– Secrete small
chemical signals
(hormones) that
travel through the
circulatory system to
target cells/organs
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Hormones: What are they?
Testosterone
• Steroids (lipids)
– Testosterone & Estrogen
• Proteins (peptides)
– Oxytocin & Vasopressin
• Amines (small molecules)
– Epinepherine & dopomine
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Hormones
• Glands
– Secreting cells
• Central
– Neurohormones
Travel from
brain to other
organs
• Peripherally
– Not located in
the brain
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How hormones work
• Peptide & Amino Acids
• Bind to receptors on
the cell membrane
– High specificity between
hormone and receptor
– Trigger a secondary
messenger signaling
pathway
• Signal gene
transcription or enzyme
activation
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How hormones work
• Steroids
– Testosterone and
Estrogen
• Small & non-polar
– Easily enter cell
– Bind to receptors
INSIDE the cell
• Signal gene
transcription
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Hypothalamus
• Master control
• Above the midbrain
regulates many
different endocrine
molecules
– Base of the thalmus
• Hypothalamus
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Pitituitary Gland
• Base of the Hypothalmus
– Master gland
• Receives neural signals from hypothalamus; which
signal endocrine regulation
10
Metabolic Control
• The hypotalamus signals production of thyroid
stimulating hormone
• TSH reaches thyroid,
causing the producion
of metabolic
hormones (T3 &4)
– Stimulate variety of
cells to increase
metabolism
– Also supress pituitary,
to prevent over
production of TSH
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Hormone regulation
• Metabolism
– Energy production
– Energy use
• Digestion
• Growth
• Reproduction
12
Homeostasis
• Hormones are used to regulate conditions in the
body
– Keeping everything in balance
• Including water retention and temperature
maintenance
• Without these controls we would easily
dehydrate and would not be able to properly
regulate our body temp
– Which would kill us
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Blood Sugar Regualtion
• Disruption of insulin production & Glucose
absorption
– Insulin is a protein hormone
– Produced in the pancreas,
and circulates in the blood
– Signals fat cells to absorb
and store sugar.
• Diseases
– Hyperglycemia (Diabetes)
– Hypoglycemia
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Diabetes
• Type I
– Insulin Dependent or Juvenile Diabetes
– Destruction of insulin producing cells in
pancreas
• Type II
– Adult onset or insulin resistance
– Insulin is broken down too quickly,
glucose is not absorbed
• Hypoglycemia
– Overproduction of Insulin
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Hormone
supplement
• An inability to produce
certain hormones can be
supplemented to
achieve normal function
– Insulin replacement
(Type I Diabetes)
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Endocrine conditions
• Hypopituitarism
– Reduced development
• Hyperpituitarism
– Exaggerated growth
– Severe joint issues
• Cushing disease
– Over exposure to hormones
– Can be caused by hormone
supplaments
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Andre the Giant
18
Treatment of hyper endocrine
conditions
19
Cardiovascular & Respiration
20
Pulmonary system
• Gas exchange
– CO2 & O2
• Material transport
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Two systems working together
• Respiratory
– Brings in fresh oxygen, and disposes
of waste gases (CO2)
– Necessary for cellular respiration
• Circulatory
– Blood
– Transports molecules throughout
the body
– So your feet do not need to be so
close to your lungs or intestines
(oxygen and food)
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Circulatory materials
• Red blood cells
– Carry oxygen
• White blood cells
– Immune system
• Platelets
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Circulatory system
• Arteries
– Carry blood away from the
heart
• Capillaries
– Smallest blood vessels; allow
for gas exchange
• Veins
– Carry blood towards the
heart
• Muscles used
to control the
rate of blood
flow
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Capillaries
• Capillaries are the smallest vessels
• Blood moves through in single file
• Depositing
oxygen and
glucose
– While
removing
carbon dioxide
and wastes
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Circulation
• Double loop
• Heart is central
– Pump that moves blood
• Pulmonary circulation
– Pumps blood to the lungs
• Systematic circulation
– Pumps blood to the body
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Pulmonary circulation
• Heart pumps deoxygenated blood
to the lungs
• In the lungs CO2 is
released & O2 is
picked up
• Returns to the
heart
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Systematic circulation
• Oxygenated blood is carried
from the heart towards all tissue
– Brain
– Limbs
– Digestive system
– Kidneys
• Carries oxygen, nutrients
& wastes
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The Heart
• 4 chambers
• Blood enters
atrium (pl. atria)
– From veins
• Blood exits
through
ventricle(s)
– To arteries
29
The Heart
1. Deoxygenated
blood enters
right atrium
from body
2. Right atrium to
right ventricle
3. Pumped out to
lungs
(pulmonary
circulation)
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The Heart
3. Blood returns
from
pulmonary reoxygenated
4. Enters right
atrium
5. Pumped to
right ventricle
– And then out
to systematic
circuit.
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Semilunar valves
• Hydrostatic pressure prevents blood from
flowing backwards
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Valves
• We have similar
valves in the major
veins
• Helps with pressure
due to gravity
• Reduces strain on
heart
33
Arterial Blockage
• Coronary arteries provide blood to the heart itself.
• Blockages can arise from build up of LDL which bind
plaque to vascular tissue walls, creating reduced blood
flow.
– And can ultimately lead to complete blockage (clot)
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35
Filtration
• The kidneys act as blood filters
• Removing
waste from
the blood
– Small particles
such as
proteins and
unusable
carbohydrates
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Dialysis
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Nutrition
Digestive system
• Takes in food
• Processes food to
remove necessary
nutrients
– Lipids
– Carbohydrates
– Proteins
– Vitamins
– Salts & minerals
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Vitamins
• Assist chemical reactions in the cell, have various
critical functions
• 9 water-soluble vitamins
– C, B1, B2, B6, B12, folate, biotin, niacin, pantothenic acid
• 8 fat-soluble vitamins
– A, D, E, K
• Supplements not needed
healthy diets
with most
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Ingestion
• Food enters through the mouth
• Macerated
(crushed)
• Smooth
muscle
then
pushes it to
the
stomach
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Digestion
• Food enters the
stomach through the
esophogus
• Stomach epthilium
produces gastric
juices
– Highly acidic
• Break down food
particles
42
Extraction
• Once food particles leave the stomach they
are broken down to the molecular level
• The small and
large intestine
absorb the
necessary
materials
– The small
intestine is about
20 ft. in length
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Digestive lining
• The small and large intestine have many tissue
folds
– Folds on top of folds
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Extraction
• Pancreas & gall bladder secretions
– Raises pH of material from the stomach
• Also produces a set of enzymes that aid in the
extraction of complex molecules (bile)
– Starch, fats, etc.
• Liver filters
nutrients pick up
in the blood from
the intestines
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Re-absorption
• The body uses lots of fluids to release
nutrients from food.
• The large
intestine is
responsible for
re-cooping much
of this moisture
46
Fiber
• Removed from grain
kernels when they are
processed
• Provides bulk for
intestinal movement
• Slows absorption of
sugars
• Found in whole-grain
foods – check nutrition
label!
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Reproduction
Reproduction
• Human reproductive system is responsible for
making haploid cell structures called gametes
• Males gametes – sperm
• Female gametes – eggs
• Fusion of gametes
produces a diploid
zygote
– that will eventually form
a new individual
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Female reproductive organs
• Ovary
• Uterine (filopian) tube
• Uterus
• Cervix
• Vagina
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Oogenesis
• Production of the egg
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Ovulation
• Delivery of the egg into the uterus
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Male reproductive organs
• Testis
• Vas deferens
• Prostate
• Urethra
• Penis
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Spermatogenesis
• Testes consist of a
series of
seminiferous
tubules
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Sperm
• Sperm have one job in life – To deliver genetic
material to the egg
– By swimming
• Built for this
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Fertilization
• When sperm meets egg
• Penetrates a protective layer of cells
– Acrosomal enzymes
• Fuse with the egg surface; release genes into egg
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Fertilization
• Occurs in the fallopian tube
• Diploid zygote begins to develop while moving
down into the uterus
– Forming blastocyte
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Implantation
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Development
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Birth
• Prior to birth the baby
rotates so it is head down
• An influx of chemicals
being a series of muscles
relaxations (cervical
dilation)
– Followed by contractions
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