Download Oral clinical examination

Lips and labial mucosa
 External portion of the lips: the vermilion border and
the skin
 Vermilion border : the exposed red portion of the lip,
covered by mucous membrane, no mucous glands
 Boundary: the moist labial mucosa in the mouth and
the mucocutaneous junction on the skin
 Skin around the mouth:
Lateral labial sulcus: begins at the ala of the nose and
progresses downward and outward
Mesial labial sulcus: begins at the corners of the
mouth(commisures) and runs parallel to the lateral
labial sulcus
Mental labial sulcus: runs parallel to the
mucoucutaneous junction of the lower lip
Philtrum: a depression that divides the upper lip into
right and left halves
Upper and lower labial frenum: at the midline of the
upper and lower lip
Fibroepithelial polyp: small tag of tissue of the upper
labial frenum
Buccal mucosa
 Lining of the cheek
 Parotid papilla: near the second maxillary molar tooth
on the buccal mucosa (opening of the stensen’ duct)
 Linea alba: hyperkeratotic line corresponding to the
line of occlusion of the teeth
 Caliculus angularis: a small palpable nodule at the
anterior termination of the linea alba
 Pterygomandibular raphe: a fold of tissue at the
posterior boundary of the buccal mucosa
 Buccal frenum: attaches the buccal mucosa to both the
maxilla and mandible at approximately the level of the
premolar teeth
 Fordyce‘s granules: clusters of small, yellow nodules of
ectopic sebaceous glands
 Leukoedema: wrinkled, whitish, opalescent
appearance
 Mucogingival junction: junction of the attached
gingiva and labial and buccal mucosa
Hard palate
 Incisive papilla: anterior termination of the palatine
raphe, in the midline just posterior to the maxillary
central incisor teeth
 Palatine rugae: just behind the incisive papilla
 Palatine raphe: whitish band of tissue in the midline of
the palate from the incisive papilla to the uvula
 Vibrating line or ahh line: the junction of the hard and
soft palate
 Foveae palatinae: just anterior the vibrating line, on
either side of the palatine raphe
 Soft palate: separates the mouth from the nose
 Uvula: posterior border of the soft palate in the
midline
 Tonsillar fossae: the most anterior part of the lateral
walls of the oropharynx
 Anterior pillar: anterior wall of the Tonsillar fossae
(palatoglossus muscle)
 Posterior pillar: posterior wall of the Tonsillar fossae
(palatopharyngeal muscle)
 Palatine tonsil: the space between these two pillars
 Nasopharynx:
Anteriorly: choanae
Posteriorly: pharyngeal wall
Superiorly: first two cervical vertebrae
Inferiorly: soft palate
 Waldeyer’s ring:
The pharyngeal tonsils of the nasopharynx
The palatine tonsils of the oropharynx
The lingual tonsils of the tongue
Tongue
 Dorsum of the tongue: 4 types lingual papillae
 Filiform papillae: the most, small, whitish hairlike
projections
 Fungiform papillae: the second most, Mushroom-shaped,
scattered among the filiform papillae, at the lateral border
and the tip of the tongue
 Circumvallate papillae: posteriorly on the dorsum of the
tongue
 Foliate papillae: on the posterolateral borders of the
tongue, leaflike projections
 Median sulcus: a depression of the midline of the
tongue
 Terminal sulcus: posterior end of the median sulcus
 Foramen cecum: a depression at the apex of the
terminal sulcus
 Lingual tonsils: on the root of the tongue, posterior to
the terminal sulcus
 Lingual frenum: on the ventral surface of the tongue
and attaches to the genial tubercles of the mandible
 Plica fimbriata: a small line of tissue projection, on
either side of the frenum
Floor of the mouth
 Sublingual caruncles: two small projections on either
side of the frenum, sites of openings of warton’s duct
 Sublingual fold: elevations running posteriorly from
the caruncles
 Muscles of mastication:
Temporalis, masseter, medial and lateral pterygoid
 Tepmoralis:
Origin: fossa of the temporal bone
Insertion: coronoid process and anterior border of
the ramus
 Masseter
Origin: lower portion of the zygomatic arch
Insertion: lateral surfaces of the angle and coronoid
process
 Medial pterygoid
Origin: medial side of the lateral pterygoid plate and
tuberosity of the maxilla
Insertion: lower medial surface of the ramus
 Lateral pterygoid
Origin: greater wing of the sphenoid bone and lateral
surface of the pterygoid plate
Insertion: neck of the condyle and the articular disc
of the TMJ